Chapter 45

Cao Cao Loses Troops at Three Rivers; Jiang Gan Falls into the Trap at the Gathering of Heroes

Now Zhou Yu, after hearing Zhuge Jin’s words, conceived an even deeper hatred of Kongming and resolved to contrive his death. The next day he mustered his officers and troops and went in to take leave of Sun Quan. Quan said, “Go on ahead, my lord. I shall raise the army and follow close behind.” Zhou Yu took his leave and departed. Together with Cheng Pu and Lu Su, he led the army forth, inviting Kongming to accompany them. Kongming gladly consented. They boarded their vessels together, raised sails and masts, and proceeded in stately succession toward Xiakou. When they were fifty or sixty li from the Three Rivers, the ships came to anchor in proper order. Zhou Yu established his central camp, while along the shore his forces pitched their camps against the western hills and encamped all around. Kongming lodged alone in a small skiff.

When Zhou Yu had completed his dispositions, he sent someone to invite Kongming to a council. Kongming came to the central command tent, and after the formal courtesies had been exchanged, Zhou Yu said, “Formerly, Cao Cao had few troops and Yuan Shao many, yet Cao defeated Yuan because he followed Xu You’s counsel and first cut off the grain supply at Wuchao. Cao now has eight hundred and thirty thousand troops, while we have only fifty or sixty thousand. How can we withstand him? We too must first cut off Cao’s provisions; only then can we defeat him. I have learned that all Cao Cao’s grain and fodder are stored at Mount Jutie. You, sir, long resided along the Han River and know the terrain well. I venture to trouble you to go with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Zilong, and the others, while I provide another thousand soldiers, and march through the night to Mount Jutie to sever Cao Cao’s supply route. Each of us serves his own lord in this affair. I trust you will not decline.”

Kongming thought to himself, “Because I said he could not move me, he has devised this scheme to kill me. If I refuse, he will surely laugh at me. Better to accept and form another plan of my own.” He therefore agreed cheerfully. Zhou Yu was delighted. Kongming took his leave and departed. Lu Su then said privately to Zhou Yu, “What is your purpose in sending Kongming to raid Cao Cao’s provisions?” Zhou Yu replied, “I wish to kill Kongming, but I fear becoming an object of ridicule. Therefore I mean to borrow Cao Cao’s hand to kill him and so remove a future danger.”

On hearing this, Lu Su went to see Kongming and discover whether he knew of the scheme. He found Kongming showing not the least sign of difficulty and already mustering his troops and horses for departure. Unable to bear it, Lu Su sought to draw him out, saying, “Can you succeed on this expedition, sir?” Kongming laughed. “In warfare on water, on foot, on horseback, or with chariots, I have mastered every art. Why should I fear failing to achieve success? I am not like you men of Jiangdong, where you and Zhou Yu possess but one talent apiece.” Lu Su said, “What do you mean by saying that Gongjin and I each possess but one talent?” Kongming replied, “I have heard the children south of the Yangtze sing this rhyme:

‘For ambushes and guarded passes, trust Zijing;For battle on the river, there is Zhou Yu.’

On land, you gentlemen can do no more than lay ambushes and guard passes; Zhou Gongjin is fit only for naval warfare and cannot fight on land.”

Lu Su reported these words to Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu said angrily, “How dare he mock me as incapable of fighting on land! I have no need for him to go. I shall personally lead ten thousand cavalry to Mount Jutie and cut Cao Cao’s supply route.” Lu Su reported this in turn to Kongming. Kongming laughed and said, “When Gongjin ordered me to cut off Cao Cao’s supplies, his true intent was to have Cao Cao kill me. So I teased him with a few words, and Gongjin at once lost all forbearance. At this moment, when able men must be employed, I desire only that the Marquis of Wu and Imperial Inspector Liu act with one heart; then success may be achieved. But if each plots to harm the other, the great enterprise is finished. The traitor Cao is full of cunning. All his life he has made a practice of cutting other men’s supply routes. How could he now fail to guard his own with heavy forces? If Gongjin goes, he will certainly be captured. For the present, we should first decide the contest on water and blunt the northern army’s keen edge; afterward we may seek some marvelous plan to defeat it. I hope, Zijing, that you will kindly convey these words to Gongjin.”

That very night Lu Su returned to Zhou Yu and repeated Kongming’s words in full. Zhou Yu shook his head and stamped his feet. “This man’s insight surpasses mine tenfold! If I do not remove him now, he will surely become a calamity to our state hereafter!” Lu Su said, “At this time, when able men must be employed, I hope you will place the state above all else. Wait until Cao Cao has been defeated; it will not be too late to deal with him then.” Zhou Yu agreed.

Meanwhile, Xuande ordered Liu Qi to defend Jiangxia, while he himself led his officers and troops toward Xiakou. From afar he saw banners dimly visible along the southern bank of the Yangtze and ranks of spears and halberds massed one behind another. He judged that Eastern Wu had already mobilized its forces. He therefore moved all the troops from Jiangxia and encamped at Fankou. Gathering his men, Xuande said, “Since Kongming went to Eastern Wu, no word whatever has come from him. I do not know how matters stand. Who can go there, learn the truth, and report back?” Mi Zhu said, “I am willing to go.”

Xuande prepared sheep, wine, and other gifts, and sent Mi Zhu to Eastern Wu under the pretext of rewarding its army, but in truth to learn the actual situation. Mi Zhu accepted the command, took a small boat downstream, and went directly to the front of Zhou Yu’s great camp. The soldiers reported his arrival to Zhou Yu, who summoned him inside. Mi Zhu bowed twice, conveyed Xuande’s respectful regards, and presented the wine and gifts. Zhou Yu accepted them and gave a banquet in Mi Zhu’s honor. Mi Zhu said, “Kongming has been here for a long while. I should now like him to return with me.” Zhou Yu replied, “Kongming is at this moment helping me plan Cao Cao’s defeat. How can he leave so soon? I too wish to see Imperial Inspector Liu and consult with him on an effective strategy, but as I command the whole army, I cannot leave even briefly. If the Imperial Inspector would condescend to visit me, it would deeply gratify my hopes.”

Mi Zhu assented, took his leave, and returned. Lu Su asked Zhou Yu, “What plan have you in wishing to see Xuande?” Zhou Yu replied, “Xuande is a formidable hero of the age and must be removed. I shall seize this opportunity to lure him here and kill him, thereby ridding the state of a future danger.” Lu Su remonstrated with him again and again, but Zhou Yu would not listen. He issued a secret order: “If Xuande comes, first conceal fifty axmen behind the tent hangings. When I throw down my cup as the signal, they are to rush out and strike.”

Mi Zhu returned to Xuande and related everything, saying that Zhou Yu wished to invite his lord to a personal meeting so that they might confer further. Xuande at once ordered a swift boat prepared and proposed to leave immediately. Guan Yu remonstrated, “Zhou Yu is a man of many schemes, and we have had no letter from Kongming. I fear there may be treachery in this. You must not go there lightly.” Xuande said, “I have now allied myself with Eastern Wu so that together we may defeat Cao Cao. Zhou Yu wishes to see me; if I do not go, that would violate the spirit of our alliance. If each side mistrusts the other, the enterprise will never succeed.” Guan Yu said, “If Elder Brother is determined to go, I wish to accompany you.” Zhang Fei said, “I shall go too.” Xuande replied, “Only Guan Yu will accompany me. Yide and Zilong are to guard the camp, while Jian Yong holds E County securely. I shall return as soon as I have gone.”

Having given these orders, Xuande boarded a small boat with Guan Yu and a retinue of more than twenty men, and they sped across the water toward Jiangdong. Xuande observed Eastern Wu’s armored warships, its banners, soldiers, and weapons, all arrayed in perfect order on either side, and was greatly pleased. A soldier hurried to report to Zhou Yu, “Imperial Inspector Liu has arrived.” Zhou Yu asked, “How many vessels has he brought?” The soldier replied, “Only one boat, with a retinue of just over twenty men.” Zhou Yu laughed. “The man’s allotted span ends today!” He ordered the axmen to take up their positions in ambush, then went out of camp to welcome Xuande.

Xuande, with Guan Yu and the score or more of men behind him, went directly to the central command tent. After the courtesies had been exchanged, Zhou Yu invited Xuande to take the seat of honor. Xuande said, “Your fame, General, resounds throughout the empire. I am a man of little ability; why should you honor me with such ceremony?” Host and guest then took their proper seats, and Zhou Yu gave a banquet in his honor.

Now Kongming happened to come to the riverbank, where he heard that Xuande had arrived for a meeting with the commander-in-chief. Startled, he hurried to the central command tent and secretly observed what was happening. He saw murderous intent on Zhou Yu’s face, while axmen stood densely concealed on both sides behind the tent hangings. Kongming was greatly alarmed. “What can be done in such a situation?” he said. Looking again at Xuande, he saw him talking and laughing as calmly as ever; then he noticed a man standing behind Xuande with a hand upon his sword. It was Guan Yu. Kongming rejoiced. “My lord is in no danger.” He therefore did not enter, but turned back and waited by the river.

Zhou Yu and Xuande drank together. After the wine had made several rounds, Zhou Yu rose with a cup in hand. Suddenly he saw Guan Yu standing behind Xuande, his hand upon his sword, and hastily asked who the man was. Xuande replied, “That is my younger brother, Guan Yunchang.” Zhou Yu started. “Is he not the man who once slew Yan Liang and Wen Chou?” Xuande said, “He is.” Zhou Yu was so greatly frightened that sweat soaked his back. He at once poured wine and offered a cup to Guan Yu.

After a little while, Lu Su entered. Xuande said, “Where is Kongming? May I trouble you, Zijing, to invite him here for a meeting?” Zhou Yu replied, “It will not be too late for you to meet Kongming after Cao Cao has been defeated.” Xuande dared say no more. Guan Yu caught Xuande’s eye, and Xuande understood. He rose and took leave of Zhou Yu, saying, “I must bid you farewell for the present. Once the enemy is defeated and victory won, I shall come especially to offer my congratulations.” Zhou Yu did not urge him to remain, but escorted him beyond the camp gate.

After leaving Zhou Yu, Xuande went with Guan Yu and the others to the riverbank, where he found Kongming already aboard a boat. Xuande was overjoyed. Kongming said, “My lord, did you know the danger you faced today?” Xuande replied in astonishment, “I did not.” Kongming said, “Had Guan Yu not been there, my lord would nearly have been murdered by Zhou Yu.” Only then did Xuande understand. He asked Kongming to return with him to Fankou, but Kongming said, “Though I dwell in the tiger’s jaws, I am as secure as Mount Tai. For now, my lord need only prepare boats, troops, and horses for use. On the twentieth day of the eleventh month, after the jiazi day, have Zilong bring a small boat and wait for me by the southern bank. Take the greatest care that there be no mistake.” Xuande asked what he meant. Kongming replied, “Only watch for the southeast wind to rise; then I shall certainly return.” When Xuande tried to question him further, Kongming urged him to set sail without delay. Having said this, he went back alone. Xuande, Guan Yu, and their attendants pushed off. They had gone only a few li when they suddenly saw fifty or sixty boats sweeping down from upstream. At the bow of the foremost stood a great general holding his spear crosswise. It was Zhang Fei. Fearing some mishap might befall Xuande and that Guan Yu alone might not be able to protect him, he had come expressly to support them. Thus the three brothers returned together to camp, and no more need be said of it.

After seeing Xuande off, Zhou Yu returned to his camp. Lu Su entered and asked, “You lured Xuande here; why did you not strike?” Zhou Yu replied, “Guan Yunchang is one of the tiger generals of the age. Whether traveling or at rest, he remains beside Xuande. Had I struck, he would certainly have killed me.” Lu Su was aghast. Just then it was reported that Cao Cao had sent an envoy with a letter. Zhou Yu ordered the man brought in. The envoy presented the letter, on whose cover was written: “From the Grand Chancellor of Han, to be opened by Commander-in-Chief Zhou.” Zhou Yu flew into a rage. Without even opening it, he tore the letter to pieces, flung them to the ground, and shouted for the envoy to be beheaded. Lu Su said, “When two states contend, envoys are not put to death.” Zhou Yu replied, “I shall behead him as a demonstration of might.” The envoy was accordingly executed, and his head was given to his attendants to carry back. Zhou Yu then appointed Gan Ning vanguard, Han Dang commander of the left wing, and Jiang Qin commander of the right, while he himself led the other generals in support. He ordered the troops to cook at the fourth watch the following day, embark at the fifth, and advance with drums beating and battle cries resounding.

When Cao Cao learned that Zhou Yu had destroyed his letter and beheaded his envoy, he was furious. He ordered Cai Mao, Zhang Yun, and the other surrendered generals of Jingzhou to form the vanguard, while he himself commanded the rear and urged the warships onward to the Three Rivers. Soon they saw Eastern Wu’s vessels coming toward them, covering the whole breadth of the river. At their head, a great general seated at the prow shouted, “I am Gan Ning! Who dares come and fight me?” Cai Mao ordered his younger brother Cai Xun to advance. As the two boats drew near, Gan Ning took up his bow, set an arrow to the string, and shot at Cai Xun, who fell the instant the bowstring sounded. Gan Ning drove his vessel forward, and ten thousand crossbows discharged at once. Cao Cao’s forces could not withstand them. Jiang Qin charged from the right and Han Dang from the left, driving straight into Cao Cao’s fleet. Most of Cao’s troops were men of Qingzhou and Xuzhou who had never been accustomed to naval warfare. As soon as their ships rolled on the broad river, they could scarcely keep their footing. The three squadrons under Gan Ning and the others ranged unhindered across the water. Zhou Yu urged on more ships to join the battle. Countless men in Cao Cao’s army were struck by arrows or stones from the artillery. The slaughter continued from the hour of the Snake until the hour of the Goat. Though Zhou Yu had gained the advantage, he feared that his smaller force could not withstand the enemy’s numbers, so he ordered the gongs sounded and recalled his ships.

Cao Cao’s defeated army withdrew. Cao went up to his land encampment and reorganized his troops. Summoning Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, he rebuked them: “Eastern Wu has fewer troops, yet we were defeated by them. It is because you did not apply yourselves!” Cai Mao said, “The Jingzhou navy has long gone without training, while the troops from Qingzhou and Xuzhou have never been accustomed to fighting on water. That is why we suffered defeat. We must first establish a naval stockade, placing the Qingzhou and Xuzhou troops within and the Jingzhou forces outside. If they are drilled daily until thoroughly proficient, they may then be employed.” Cao Cao said, “Since you are commanders of the navy, you may act as circumstances require. Why must you ask me?” Cai Mao and Zhang Yun accordingly went to train the naval forces. Along the river they established twenty-four water gates. Great ships formed an outer wall, while smaller vessels were stationed within so that traffic could pass freely between them. At night, lamps and fires were lit until the sky and the surface of the water glowed crimson. The land encampments stretched for more than three hundred li, and their watch fires burned without cease.

Zhou Yu returned victorious to camp and rewarded the three armies, while sending a messenger to report the victory to the Marquis of Wu. That night he climbed to a high place and looked into the distance. To the west, he saw firelight joining the sky. Those around him said, “That is all the light from the northern army’s lamps and fires.” Zhou Yu himself was alarmed. The next day he decided to inspect Cao Cao’s naval stockade in person. He had a tower ship prepared, took musicians with drums and pipes, and brought several stalwart generals, each armed with a powerful bow and stout crossbow. They all went aboard and slowly advanced. On reaching the edge of Cao Cao’s camp, Zhou Yu ordered the anchor stones dropped, and the music aboard the tower ship began to play. Secretly observing the naval stockade, Zhou Yu exclaimed in astonishment, “This arrangement has fully mastered the subtle art of naval warfare!” He asked, “Who are the commanders of the navy?” Those around him replied, “Cai Mao and Zhang Yun.” Zhou Yu thought, “These two have long dwelt in the lands along the Yangtze and are thoroughly versed in naval warfare. I must devise a scheme to remove them first; only then can Cao Cao be defeated.”

While Zhou Yu was still observing, one of Cao Cao’s soldiers hurried to report, “Zhou Yu is spying upon our stockade.” Cao Cao ordered ships sent out to seize him. Seeing the signal flags moving within the naval camp, Zhou Yu hastily ordered the anchor stones raised. On both sides, the oars and sweeps began turning all at once, and the ship flew away across the river. By the time vessels emerged from Cao Cao’s stockade, Zhou Yu’s tower ship was already more than ten li distant. Unable to overtake it, they returned and reported to Cao Cao.

Cao Cao asked his generals, “Yesterday we lost a battle and the keen edge of our valor was blunted. Today he has made a close inspection of our stockade. What plan should we employ to defeat him?” Before he had finished speaking, a man stepped forward from below the tent and said, “From childhood I was Zhou Yu’s classmate and intimate friend. I am willing to rely upon my three-inch, never-rotting tongue, go to Jiangdong, and persuade him to surrender.” Cao Cao was delighted. Looking at the man, he saw that it was Jiang Gan, styled Ziyi, a native of Jiujiang who was then serving as a guest adviser in his headquarters. Cao Cao asked, “Ziyi, are you on close terms with Zhou Gongjin?” Jiang Gan replied, “Set your mind at ease, Chancellor. Once I reach the eastern bank, I am certain to succeed.” Cao Cao asked, “What do you wish to take with you?” Jiang Gan replied, “I need only a young attendant to accompany me and two servants to row the boat. Nothing else is required.” Cao Cao was delighted and gave a farewell banquet for Jiang Gan. Wearing a hempen headcloth and a plain cloth robe, Jiang Gan boarded a small boat and went directly to Zhou Yu’s camp. He sent word inside: “Your old friend Jiang Gan has come to visit.” Zhou Yu was discussing military affairs in his tent. When he heard that Jiang Gan had arrived, he smiled and said to his generals, “The persuader has come!” He then whispered instructions in their ears, telling them what to do. They all accepted his orders and withdrew.

Zhou Yu adjusted his robes and cap and went out surrounded before and behind by several hundred attendants, all dressed in embroidered garments and ornate caps. Jiang Gan approached proudly with a small servant boy in plain blue clothes, and Zhou Yu bowed in welcome. Jiang Gan said, “Gongjin, have you been well since we parted?” Zhou Yu replied, “You have taken great pains, Ziyi, crossing rivers and lakes from afar to serve as a persuader for the Cao clan.” Jiang Gan was startled. “It has been long since I saw you, and I have come especially to renew our old friendship. Why do you suspect me of acting as a persuader?” Zhou Yu laughed. “Though my hearing is not so keen as that of the music master Shi Kuang, I can hear the tune and comprehend its refined intent.” Jiang Gan said, “If this is how you treat an old friend, then permit me to withdraw.” Zhou Yu laughed, took him by the arm, and said, “I merely feared that you had come to persuade me on behalf of the Cao clan. Since you have no such intention, why leave in such haste?” They entered the tent together. After exchanging courtesies and taking their seats, Zhou Yu at once ordered all the heroes of the eastern Yangtze summoned to meet Ziyi.

Presently the civil officials and military officers entered, all clad in embroidered robes, while the subordinate commanders and officers wore silver armor. They came in two files. Zhou Yu had them all exchange greetings, then seated them in ranks on either side. A sumptuous feast was spread, and the army musicians played the music of victory as the wine cups passed in turn. Zhou Yu told the assembled officers, “This is my former classmate and sworn friend. Though he has come from north of the Yangtze, he is not a persuader for the Cao clan. You gentlemen need harbor no suspicions.” He then unfastened his sword and gave it to Taishi Ci, saying, “Wear my sword and supervise the drinking. At today’s feast we shall speak only of friendship. If anyone mentions Cao Cao or the military affairs of Eastern Wu, behead him at once!”

Taishi Ci accepted the order and sat at the banquet with his hand upon the sword. Jiang Gan was alarmed and did not dare say much. Zhou Yu said, “Since taking command of the army, I have not drunk a single drop of wine. Today I have met an old friend and am free of all suspicion, so I shall drink myself thoroughly drunk.” With that he laughed loudly and drank without restraint, while cups and tallies crossed back and forth around the table. When they were half drunk, Zhou Yu took Jiang Gan by the hand and walked with him outside the tent. The soldiers on either side stood fully armed and accoutered, holding spears and halberds. Zhou Yu asked, “Are my soldiers sufficiently stalwart?” Jiang Gan replied, “They are truly warriors like bears and tigers.”

Zhou Yu then led Jiang Gan behind the tent for a look. Grain and fodder were piled there like mountains. Zhou Yu asked, “Are my provisions sufficiently abundant?” Jiang Gan replied, “Your soldiers are superb and your provisions plentiful. Your fame is indeed well deserved.” Feigning drunkenness, Zhou Yu laughed loudly. “When you and I studied together, I never imagined I would attain what I have today.” Jiang Gan said, “Given your lofty talents, my brother, this is no more than your due.” Zhou Yu took Jiang Gan’s hand and said, “When a true man lives in this world and meets a lord who understands him, outwardly they are bound by the duty between sovereign and subject, and inwardly by the affection of flesh and blood. His words are always acted upon, his plans always followed, and in fortune or calamity they share one fate. Even if Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Lu Jia, and Li Yiji were to rise from the dead, with speech pouring like a hanging river and tongues sharp as blades, how could they move my heart?” Having said this, he laughed loudly. Jiang Gan’s face turned the color of earth. Zhou Yu again led him into the tent and drank once more with the assembled generals. Pointing to them, he said, “These are all the heroes of Jiangdong. Today’s gathering may rightly be called the Gathering of Heroes.” They drank until nightfall, when lamps and candles were lit. Zhou Yu rose, performed a sword dance, and sang:

“A man who lives in this world must establish fame;Establishing fame, he fulfills his life.His life fulfilled, he shall drink deep;And drinking deep, burst into a wild song!”

When the song was done, the whole company laughed and rejoiced. Deep in the night, Jiang Gan excused himself, saying, “I can withstand no more wine.” Zhou Yu ordered the banquet cleared away, and the generals took their leave. Zhou Yu said, “It has been long since Ziyi and I shared a bed. Tonight we shall sleep with our feet together.” Feigning utter drunkenness, he led Jiang Gan into his tent to sleep. Still fully clothed, Zhou Yu collapsed upon the bed and vomited everywhere. How could Jiang Gan possibly sleep? Lying with his head upon the pillow, he listened until the army drums sounded the second watch. He rose and saw that the dying lamp still burned. Looking at Zhou Yu, he heard him snoring like thunder. Jiang Gan noticed a bundle of documents piled on a table within the tent. Rising from the bed, he secretly examined them and found that they were all letters sent and received. Among them was one bearing the words, “Sealed with reverence by Cai Mao and Zhang Yun.” Jiang Gan was greatly startled and secretly read it. The letter said in substance: “We surrendered to Cao Cao not because we coveted rank or emolument, but because circumstances compelled us. We have now tricked the northern army into being confined within the stockade. As soon as an opportunity presents itself, we shall take the traitor Cao’s head and offer it beneath your banner. A messenger will come sooner or later with further intelligence. We trust you will harbor no suspicions. This is our respectful preliminary reply.”

Jiang Gan thought, “So Cai Mao and Zhang Yun are secretly allied with Eastern Wu!” He concealed the letter inside his robe. He was about to inspect the other documents when Zhou Yu turned over on the bed. Jiang Gan hurriedly extinguished the lamp and lay down. Zhou Yu mumbled indistinctly, “Ziyi, within a few days I shall show you the traitor Cao’s head!” Jiang Gan forced himself to respond. Zhou Yu said again, “Ziyi, remain here! I shall show you the traitor Cao’s head!” But when Jiang Gan questioned him, Zhou Yu had fallen asleep again.

Jiang Gan lay upon the bed until nearly the fourth watch, when he heard someone enter the tent and call, “Is the commander-in-chief awake?” Zhou Yu pretended to awaken suddenly from a dream and deliberately asked the man, “Who is sleeping on the bed?” The man replied, “You invited Ziyi to sleep with you, Commander-in-Chief. How is it that you have forgotten?” Zhou Yu said regretfully, “Ordinarily I never drink myself drunk. Yesterday, after becoming drunk, I lost control of myself. Did I say anything?” The man replied, “Someone has come from north of the river.” Zhou Yu snapped, “Lower your voice!” Then he called, “Ziyi.” Jiang Gan merely pretended to be asleep. Zhou Yu slipped out of the tent. Jiang Gan listened secretly and heard someone outside say, “Commanders Zhang and Cai report: ‘There is no immediate opportunity to strike.’” What followed was spoken too softly for him to hear clearly.

After a short while, Zhou Yu returned to the tent and again called, “Ziyi.” Jiang Gan made no answer but covered his head and pretended to sleep. Zhou Yu undressed and went to bed as well. Jiang Gan thought, “Zhou Yu is a meticulous man. At daybreak, when he finds the letter missing, he will certainly kill me.” He remained in bed until the fifth watch, then rose and called to Zhou Yu, but Zhou Yu slept on. Jiang Gan put on his headcloth and cap, stole quietly out of the tent, summoned his young attendant, and went directly through the camp gate. The soldiers asked, “Where are you going, sir?” Jiang Gan replied, “I fear my presence here may interfere with the commander-in-chief’s affairs, so I shall take my leave for the present.” The soldiers did not stop him.

Jiang Gan boarded his boat and rowed swiftly back to Cao Cao. Cao asked, “Ziyi, how did your mission fare?” Jiang Gan replied, “Zhou Yu possesses lofty refinement and magnanimity. Mere words cannot move him.” Cao Cao grew angry. “Not only have you failed in the enterprise, but you have made us an object of ridicule!” Jiang Gan said, “Though I could not persuade Zhou Yu, I did discover something for you, Chancellor. I beg you to dismiss those around us.” Jiang Gan produced the letter and related every detail of what had happened. Cao Cao flew into a rage. “How dare those two villains behave so outrageously!” He immediately summoned Cai Mao and Zhang Yun to his tent. Cao Cao said, “I intend to order you two to advance.” Cai Mao replied, “The troops are not yet fully trained. We must not advance recklessly.” Cao Cao shouted angrily, “Once the troops are fully trained, my head will be presented to Zhou Yu!” Cai Mao and Zhang Yun did not understand his meaning. In their alarm, they could make no reply. Cao Cao ordered the guards to drag them out and behead them. In a short while, their heads were presented beneath the tent. Only then did Cao Cao realize what he had done. “I have fallen into a trap!” he said. A later poet lamented:

“Against the wily hero Cao, few could stand,Yet for one moment Zhou Yu’s ruse ensnared him.Cai and Zhang sold their lord to save their lives—Who dreamed that today they would die beneath the sword?”

When the generals saw that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun had been executed, they entered and asked the reason. Though Cao Cao knew in his heart that he had fallen into a trap, he would not admit his error. Instead, he told them, “Those two were remiss in military discipline; therefore I had them beheaded.” The generals sighed and marveled without end. From among them, Cao Cao selected Mao Jie and Yu Jin to command the navy and replace Cai Mao and Zhang Yun.

Spies learned of this and carried the news across the Yangtze to Jiangdong. Zhou Yu was overjoyed. “Those two alone caused me concern. Now that they have been eliminated, I have no further worries.” Lu Su said, “With the commander-in-chief employing arms in this fashion, how can the traitor Cao escape defeat?” Zhou Yu replied, “I believe none of the generals understands this scheme. Zhuge Liang alone possesses insight surpassing mine, and I imagine this stratagem cannot have been concealed from him. Zijing, try drawing him out with your words. See whether he knows, and report back to me.” Thus it was said:

“Having brought the counterplot to full success,He went to test the cool-eyed watcher standing by.”

Whether Lu Su questioned Kongming, and what came of it, will be revealed in the next chapter.

Cao Cao Loses Troops at Three Rivers; Jiang Gan Falls into the Trap at the Gathering of Heroes

Now Zhou Yu, after hearing Zhuge Jin’s words, hated Kongming all the more and resolved to plot his murder. The next day, he assembled his officers and troops and went to take leave of Sun Quan. Sun Quan said, “Go on ahead. I will raise the army and follow you shortly.” Zhou Yu took his leave and departed. Together with Cheng Pu and Lu Su, he led the troops forward and invited Kongming to accompany them. Kongming gladly agreed. They boarded the ships together, raised sail and mast, and proceeded in a long procession toward Xiakou. When they were fifty or sixty li from the Sanjiang Estuary, the ships anchored in orderly formation. Zhou Yu established his main camp in the center, while on shore he set up encampments against the western hills, with troops stationed all around. Kongming lodged alone in a small boat.

After Zhou Yu had completed his deployments, he sent someone to invite Kongming to discuss military affairs. Kongming came to the central command tent, and after they had exchanged courtesies, Zhou Yu said, “In the past, Cao Cao had few troops while Yuan Shao had many, yet Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao because he followed Xu You’s advice and first cut off the grain supply at Wuchao. Cao Cao now has eight hundred thirty thousand troops, while we have only fifty or sixty thousand. How can we resist him? We too must first cut off Cao Cao’s provisions before we can defeat him. I have learned that all his grain and fodder are stored at Jutie Mountain. You have lived for a long time along the Han River and know the geography well. May I trouble you to go with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Zilong, and the others? I will also provide a thousand troops. Travel through the night to Jutie Mountain and cut Cao Cao’s supply route. Each of us is serving his own lord, so I hope you will not refuse.”

Kongming thought to himself, “Because I said he could not move me, he is now devising a scheme to harm me. If I refuse, he will certainly ridicule me. I would do better to accept and then make other plans.” He therefore agreed with apparent delight. Zhou Yu was overjoyed. Kongming took his leave and went out. Lu Su secretly asked Zhou Yu, “What is your purpose in sending Kongming to raid Cao Cao’s provisions?” Zhou Yu said, “I want to kill Kongming, but I am afraid people will laugh at me. So I will borrow Cao Cao’s hand to kill him and eliminate a future threat.”

When Lu Su heard this, he went to see Kongming to find out whether he understood the scheme. He found Kongming showing not the slightest sign of difficulty and already mustering troops and horses for departure. Unable to bear it, Lu Su sounded him out by asking, “Can you succeed on this expedition?” Kongming laughed and said, “In naval warfare, infantry warfare, cavalry warfare, and chariot warfare, I have mastered every art. Why should I worry that I will fail? I am not like you men of Jiangdong, where you and Zhou Yu are each capable of only one thing.” Lu Su said, “What do you mean when you say that Gongjin and I are each capable of only one thing?” Kongming replied, “I have heard the children of Jiangnan sing this rhyme:

‘To ambush roads and guard the passes, count on Zijing;For battle on the river, Zhou Yu is the man.’

On land, you gentlemen can do no more than ambush roads and guard passes, while Zhou Gongjin is fit only for naval warfare and cannot fight on land.”

Lu Su reported these words to Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu angrily said, “How dare he mock me as incapable of fighting on land! There is no need for him to go! I will personally lead ten thousand cavalry to Jutie Mountain and cut Cao Cao’s supply route.” Lu Su then reported this to Kongming. Kongming laughed and said, “Gongjin’s real purpose in ordering me to cut off the provisions was to have Cao Cao kill me. That is why I teased him with a few words, yet Gongjin cannot even tolerate that. At this moment, when capable men must be put to use, I only hope the Marquis of Wu and Imperial Inspector Liu will act with one heart. Then success can be achieved. But if each side plots to harm the other, the great undertaking is finished. The traitor Cao is full of schemes and has spent his whole life cutting off other men’s supply routes. How could he fail now to station heavy forces to guard his own? If Gongjin goes, he will certainly be captured. For now, we should first settle matters by a naval battle and blunt the northern army’s fighting spirit, then seek another ingenious plan to defeat it. I would be grateful if you, Zijing, would explain this tactfully to Gongjin.”

That very night, Lu Su returned to see Zhou Yu and gave him a full account of Kongming’s words. Zhou Yu shook his head and stamped his feet, saying, “This man’s insight surpasses mine tenfold. If I do not eliminate him now, he will surely become a disaster to our state in the future!” Lu Su said, “At this time, when capable men must be employed, I hope you will place the state above all else. Wait until Cao Cao has been defeated. It will not be too late to deal with him then.” Zhou Yu agreed.

Meanwhile, Xuande ordered Liu Qi to defend Jiangxia, while he personally led his officers and troops toward Xiakou. In the distance, he saw banners faintly visible along the southern bank of the river and rank upon rank of spears and halberds. He concluded that Eastern Wu had already mobilized its forces. He therefore transferred all the troops from Jiangxia and encamped at Fankou. Xuande assembled his followers and said, “Since Kongming went to Eastern Wu, we have heard no word from him at all. I do not know how matters stand. Who can go and investigate the true situation, then return and report?” Mi Zhu said, “I am willing to go.”

Xuande prepared sheep, wine, and other gifts and ordered Mi Zhu to go to Eastern Wu, using the pretext of rewarding its troops while secretly investigating the situation. Mi Zhu accepted the order, boarded a small boat, and traveled downstream directly to the front of Zhou Yu’s main camp. The soldiers reported his arrival to Zhou Yu, who summoned him inside. Mi Zhu bowed twice, conveyed Xuande’s respectful regards, and presented the wine and gifts. After accepting them, Zhou Yu gave a banquet in Mi Zhu’s honor. Mi Zhu said, “Kongming has been here for a long time. I would now like him to return with me.” Zhou Yu said, “Kongming is currently helping me devise plans to defeat Cao Cao. How can he leave so soon? I too would like to meet with Liu Yuzhou and discuss a sound strategy with him, but since I command this great army, I cannot leave even briefly. If Yuzhou would honor me by coming here in person, it would deeply fulfill my hopes.”

Mi Zhu agreed, bowed farewell, and returned. Lu Su asked Zhou Yu, “Why do you wish to meet Xuande? What are you planning?” Zhou Yu said, “Xuande is a formidable hero of the age and must be eliminated. I will seize this opportunity to lure him here and kill him, thereby removing a future threat to the state.” Lu Su repeatedly remonstrated with him, but Zhou Yu refused to listen. He issued a secret order: “If Xuande comes, first conceal fifty axmen behind the tent curtains. When I throw down my cup as the signal, they are to rush out and kill him.”

Meanwhile, Mi Zhu returned to Xuande and fully reported that Zhou Yu wished to invite his lord there for a personal meeting to discuss other matters. Xuande at once ordered a fast boat prepared and said he would leave immediately. Guan Yu remonstrated, “Zhou Yu is a man of many schemes, and there has been no letter from Kongming. I fear there may be treachery involved. You must not go lightly.” Xuande said, “I have now allied myself with Eastern Wu so that we may defeat Cao Cao together. Zhou Yu wishes to see me. If I do not go, that would not be in the spirit of an alliance. If the two sides distrust each other, the undertaking will fail.” Guan Yu said, “If Elder Brother is determined to go, I am willing to accompany you.” Zhang Fei said, “I will go too.” Xuande said, “Only Guan Yu will accompany me. Yide and Zilong will guard the camp, while Jian Yong firmly defends E County. I will return as soon as I have gone.”

After giving these orders, Xuande boarded a small boat with Guan Yu and a little over twenty attendants, and they rowed swiftly toward Jiangdong. Xuande observed Eastern Wu’s covered warships and fighting vessels, its banners, armored troops, and weapons, all arranged neatly on either side, and he was greatly pleased. A soldier hurried to report to Zhou Yu, “Liu Yuzhou has arrived.” Zhou Yu asked, “How many ships has he brought?” The soldier answered, “Only one ship and a little over twenty attendants.” Zhou Yu laughed and said, “This man’s life is destined to end!” He ordered the axmen to take their places in ambush, then went out of the camp to welcome Xuande.

Xuande led Guan Yu and the twenty-odd attendants directly into the central command tent. After courtesies had been exchanged, Zhou Yu invited Xuande to take the seat of honor. Xuande said, “General, your fame is known throughout the realm. I am a man of little ability. Why should you show me such great courtesy?” They then took their seats as host and guest, and Zhou Yu gave a banquet in Xuande’s honor.

Meanwhile, Kongming happened to come to the riverbank and heard that Xuande had arrived to meet with the Commander-in-Chief. He was startled and hurried to the central command tent to observe developments in secret. He saw a murderous look on Zhou Yu’s face and axmen densely arrayed behind the curtains on both sides. Kongming was greatly alarmed and said, “What can be done in such a situation?” He looked back at Xuande, who continued talking and laughing as calmly as ever. Then he saw a man standing behind Xuande with his hand on his sword. It was Guan Yu. Kongming rejoiced and said, “My lord is in no danger.” He therefore did not enter but turned around and returned to the riverbank to wait.

Zhou Yu feasted and drank with Xuande. After several rounds of wine, Zhou Yu rose and lifted his cup. Suddenly he saw Guan Yu standing behind Xuande with one hand on his sword, and he hurriedly asked who the man was. Xuande said, “He is my younger brother, Guan Yunchang.” Zhou Yu exclaimed in surprise, “Is he not the man who once beheaded Yan Liang and Wen Chou?” Xuande said, “He is.” Zhou Yu was so alarmed that sweat soaked his back. He immediately poured wine and offered Guan Yu a cup.

A short while later, Lu Su entered. Xuande said, “Where is Kongming? May I trouble you, Zijing, to invite him here for a meeting?” Zhou Yu said, “It will not be too late for you to meet Kongming after Cao Cao has been defeated.” Xuande did not dare say anything more. Guan Yu glanced meaningfully at Xuande. Xuande understood, rose, and took leave of Zhou Yu, saying, “I must bid you farewell for now. Once the enemy has been defeated and victory secured, I will come especially to offer my congratulations.” Zhou Yu did not try to detain him and escorted him outside the camp gate.

After parting from Zhou Yu, Xuande went with Guan Yu and the others to the riverbank, where he found Kongming already sitting in a boat. Xuande was overjoyed. Kongming said, “My lord, did you know what danger you were in today?” Xuande stared in astonishment and said, “I did not.” Kongming said, “Had Guan Yu not been there, my lord would very nearly have been murdered by Zhou Yu.” Only then did Xuande understand, and he invited Kongming to return with him to Fankou. Kongming said, “Though I am living in a tiger’s jaws, I am as secure as Mount Tai. For now, my lord need only prepare ships, troops, and horses for use. Beginning after the jiazi day, the twentieth day of the eleventh month, you may have Zilong bring a small boat and wait for me along the southern bank. You must not make any mistake.” Xuande asked what he meant. Kongming said, “Simply watch for the southeast wind to rise. Then I will certainly return.” When Xuande tried to question him further, Kongming urged him to launch the boat and leave quickly. After saying this, Kongming returned by himself. Xuande, Guan Yu, and their attendants set off in their boat. They had traveled only a few li when they suddenly saw fifty or sixty boats coming downstream from upriver. At the prow of the leading vessel stood a great general holding his spear horizontally. It was Zhang Fei. Fearing that Xuande might come to harm and that Guan Yu alone might be unable to protect him, he had specially come to provide support. The three then returned to camp together, and nothing more need be said of that.

After seeing Xuande off, Zhou Yu returned to camp. Lu Su came in and asked, “Since you lured Xuande here, why did you not act against him?” Zhou Yu said, “Guan Yunchang is one of the fiercest generals in the world. He follows Xuande whether walking or sitting. If I had struck, he would certainly have killed me.” Lu Su was astonished. Suddenly, a report came that Cao Cao had sent an envoy with a letter. Zhou Yu ordered the envoy brought in. When the envoy presented the letter, the inscription on its cover read: “From the Grand Chancellor of Han, to be opened by Commander-in-Chief Zhou.” Zhou Yu flew into a rage. Without even opening the letter, he tore it to pieces, threw them on the ground, and shouted for the envoy to be beheaded. Lu Su said, “When two states contend, they do not execute envoys.” Zhou Yu said, “I will execute the envoy to display our might.” The envoy was accordingly beheaded, and his head was given to his attendants to carry back. Zhou Yu then ordered Gan Ning to serve as vanguard, Han Dang as the left wing, and Jiang Qin as the right wing, while he personally led the other generals in support. The next day, the troops were to cook at the fourth watch, launch their ships at the fifth watch, and advance with beating drums and battle cries.

When Cao Cao learned that Zhou Yu had destroyed his letter and beheaded his envoy, he was furious. He ordered Cai Mao, Zhang Yun, and the other surrendered generals from Jingzhou to form the vanguard, while he personally commanded the rear army and urged the warships onward to the Sanjiang Estuary. Before long, they saw Eastern Wu’s ships coming toward them, covering the river. At their head sat a great general at the prow of his ship, shouting, “I am Gan Ning! Who dares come and fight me?” Cai Mao ordered his younger brother Cai Xun to advance. As the two ships drew near, Gan Ning drew his bow, set an arrow to the string, and shot at Cai Xun, who fell as soon as the bowstring sounded. Gan Ning then drove his ship swiftly forward as ten thousand crossbows fired together, and Cao Cao’s forces could not withstand them. Jiang Qin attacked from the right and Han Dang from the left, charging directly into Cao Cao’s formation. Most of Cao Cao’s troops were men from Qingzhou and Xuzhou, entirely unaccustomed to naval warfare. As soon as the warships rocked on the broad river, they could no longer keep their footing. The three divisions of warships under Gan Ning and the others swept back and forth across the water. Zhou Yu urged still more ships forward to join the battle. Countless men in Cao Cao’s army were struck by arrows and artillery. The fighting lasted from the hour of the Snake until the hour of the Goat. Though Zhou Yu had gained the advantage, he feared his smaller force could not withstand the enemy’s greater numbers, so he ordered the gongs sounded and recalled the ships.

Cao Cao’s army returned in defeat. Cao Cao went up to the land camp, reorganized his troops, summoned Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, and rebuked them: “Eastern Wu has fewer soldiers, yet we were defeated by them. This is because you did not apply yourselves!” Cai Mao said, “The Jingzhou naval forces have gone a long time without training, while the troops from Qingzhou and Xuzhou have never been accustomed to naval warfare. That is why we were defeated. We should first establish a naval stockade, placing the Qingzhou and Xuzhou troops inside and the Jingzhou troops outside, and drill them every day until they are thoroughly trained. Only then can they be used.” Cao Cao said, “Since you are the commanders of the naval forces, you may act as circumstances require. Why must you report everything to me?” Cai Mao and Zhang Yun then withdrew to train the navy. Along the river, they established twenty-four water gates. Large ships were stationed outside like walls, while small ships remained inside and could travel back and forth. At night, lamps were lit until the sky and the surface of the water glowed completely red. The land camp extended for more than three hundred li, and its watch fires burned without interruption.

Zhou Yu returned victorious to his camp, rewarded the entire army, and sent messengers to report the victory to the Marquis of Wu. That night, Zhou Yu climbed to a high place and looked into the distance. He saw firelight in the west reaching all the way to the sky. His attendants said, “That is all the light from the northern army’s lamps and fires.” Zhou Yu was inwardly alarmed. The next day, he decided to inspect Cao Cao’s naval stockade in person. He ordered a tower ship prepared, brought along drums and musicians, and took several stalwart generals with him, each armed with a powerful bow and heavy crossbow. They all boarded the ship and slowly proceeded forward. When they reached the edge of Cao Cao’s stockade, Zhou Yu ordered the anchor stones lowered, and the drums and music on the tower ship all began to play. Zhou Yu secretly examined the naval stockade and exclaimed in astonishment, “This arrangement has truly mastered the finest principles of naval warfare!” He asked, “Who commands their navy?” His attendants said, “Cai Mao and Zhang Yun.” Zhou Yu thought, “Those two have long lived in the riverlands and are thoroughly familiar with naval warfare. I must devise a plan to eliminate them first. Only then can Cao Cao be defeated.”

While Zhou Yu was still observing, scouts from Cao Cao’s army had already hurried to report to Cao Cao, saying, “Zhou Yu is secretly inspecting our stockade.” Cao Cao ordered ships sent out to capture him. When Zhou Yu saw the signal flags moving inside the naval stockade, he quickly ordered the anchor stones raised. On all sides, the oarsmen swung their oars together, and the tower ship sped away over the river as though flying. By the time ships emerged from Cao Cao’s stockade, Zhou Yu’s tower ship was already more than ten li away. Unable to catch it, they returned and reported to Cao Cao.

Cao Cao asked his generals, “Yesterday we lost a battle and our fighting spirit was blunted. Today, he has also made a thorough inspection of our stockade. What plan should we use to defeat him?” Before he had finished speaking, a man stepped forward from below the tent and said, “From childhood, I studied alongside Zhou Yu and was his close friend. I am willing to rely on my persuasive tongue, go to Jiangdong, and convince him to surrender.” Cao Cao was delighted. Looking at the man, he saw that he was Jiang Gan, styled Ziyi, a native of Jiujiang who was currently serving as an adviser in his retinue. Cao Cao asked, “Ziyi, were you close to Zhou Gongjin?” Jiang Gan said, “Set your mind at ease, Chancellor. Once I reach Jiangdong, I am certain to succeed.” Cao Cao asked, “What do you need to take with you?” Jiang Gan replied, “All I need is one boy to accompany me and two servants to row the boat. Nothing else is necessary.” Cao Cao was greatly pleased and held a farewell banquet for Jiang Gan. Wearing a hemp headcloth and a plain cloth robe, Jiang Gan boarded a small boat and went directly to Zhou Yu’s camp. He sent word inside: “Your old friend Jiang Gan has come to visit.” Zhou Yu was discussing affairs in his tent. When he heard that Jiang Gan had arrived, he smiled and said to his generals, “The persuader has arrived!” He then whispered instructions into their ears, telling them what to do. They all accepted his orders and withdrew.

Zhou Yu straightened his clothes and cap, then came out surrounded front and rear by several hundred attendants, all dressed in brocade garments and embroidered caps. Jiang Gan approached proudly with a young servant in blue, and Zhou Yu bowed in welcome. Jiang Gan said, “Gongjin, have you been well since we parted?” Zhou Yu said, “You have taken great pains, Ziyi. Have you crossed rivers and lakes from afar to act as a persuader for the Cao family?” Jiang Gan was stunned and said, “I have long been separated from you and came especially to renew our old friendship. Why do you suspect me of being a persuader?” Zhou Yu laughed and said, “Though my hearing is not as keen as Music Master Kuang’s, I can hear the melody and understand the deeper meaning.” Jiang Gan said, “If this is how you treat an old friend, then allow me to take my leave.” Zhou Yu laughed, seized his arm, and said, “I merely feared that you had come to serve as a persuader for the Cao family. Since you have no such intention, why leave so quickly?” They entered the tent together. After exchanging courtesies and taking their seats, Zhou Yu immediately issued an order summoning all the outstanding men of Jiangdong to meet Ziyi.

Before long, the civil and military officers entered, each dressed in brocade, while the subordinate commanders and officers wore silver armor. They filed in along two rows. Zhou Yu had them all introduced, then seated them in ranks on either side. A magnificent banquet was spread, and the army’s music of victory was played as wine was served in turn. Zhou Yu told the assembled officers, “This is my schoolmate and intimate friend. Though he has come here from north of the river, he is not a persuader for the Cao family. Gentlemen, do not suspect him.” Zhou Yu then removed his sword and handed it to Taishi Ci, saying, “Wear my sword and supervise the drinking. At today’s banquet, we will speak only of friendship. If anyone brings up Cao Cao or military affairs between him and Eastern Wu, behead him at once!”

Taishi Ci accepted the order and sat at the banquet with his hand on the sword. Jiang Gan was shocked and did not dare say much. Zhou Yu said, “Since I took command of the army, I have not drunk a single drop of wine. Today I have seen an old friend, and there is no suspicion between us, so I must drink until I am drunk.” After saying this, he laughed loudly and drank freely. Cups and tallies passed back and forth around the table. When they were half drunk, Zhou Yu took Jiang Gan by the hand, and they walked out of the tent together. The soldiers on either side stood fully armed and equipped, holding spears and halberds. Zhou Yu said, “Are my soldiers not quite mighty?” Jiang Gan replied, “They are truly warriors like bears and tigers.”

Zhou Yu then led Jiang Gan behind the tent for a look. Grain and fodder were piled as high as mountains. Zhou Yu said, “Are my supplies not quite sufficient?” Jiang Gan replied, “Elite troops and abundant provisions—your reputation is fully deserved.” Pretending to be drunk, Zhou Yu laughed loudly and said, “When you and I studied together, Ziyi, I never expected Zhou Yu would see a day like this.” Jiang Gan said, “Given your great talent, my friend, it is no more than you deserve.” Zhou Yu took Jiang Gan’s hand and said, “When a true man lives in the world and encounters a lord who recognizes his worth, outwardly they are bound by the duty between sovereign and minister, while inwardly they share the affection of flesh and blood. Every word he speaks is carried out, every plan he offers is followed, and they share both fortune and disaster. Even if Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Lu Jia, and Li Yiji were to return to life, with speech pouring from their mouths like a rushing river and tongues sharp as blades, how could they ever move my heart?” Having said this, he laughed loudly. Jiang Gan’s face turned the color of earth. Zhou Yu again took him into the tent and continued drinking with the generals. Pointing to them, he said, “These are all outstanding men of Jiangdong. Today’s gathering may be called the ‘Gathering of Heroes.’” They drank until nightfall, when lamps and candles were lit. Zhou Yu rose, performed a sword dance, and sang:

“A man in this world must establish merit and fame;With merit and fame, he finds fulfillment in life.Fulfilled in life, I now will drink my fill;And drunk, I will break into a wild song!”

When the song ended, everyone at the banquet laughed with delight. Late at night, Jiang Gan excused himself, saying, “I can drink no more.” Zhou Yu ordered the banquet cleared away, and the generals took their leave. Zhou Yu said, “It has been a long time since Ziyi and I shared the same bed. Tonight we will sleep foot to foot.” He then pretended to be extremely drunk and took Jiang Gan into the tent to sleep. Zhou Yu collapsed fully dressed and vomited everywhere. How could Jiang Gan possibly sleep? Lying with his head on the pillow and listening, he heard the drum in the camp beat the second watch. He rose and saw that the dying lamp still burned. Looking at Zhou Yu, he heard him snoring like thunder. Jiang Gan saw a bundle of documents piled on a table inside the tent. He got out of bed and secretly examined them. They were all correspondence. Among them was one letter marked, “Sealed respectfully by Cai Mao and Zhang Yun.” Jiang Gan was greatly startled and secretly read it. The letter said, in essence: “We surrendered to Cao Cao not because we sought rank or salary, but because circumstances forced us. We have now lured the northern army into confinement within the stockade. As soon as an opportunity presents itself, we will take the traitor Cao’s head and present it beneath your banner. A messenger will arrive sooner or later with further information. Please do not doubt us. We respectfully send this preliminary reply.”

Jiang Gan thought, “So Cai Mao and Zhang Yun are secretly allied with Eastern Wu!” He concealed the letter inside his clothes. He was about to examine the other letters when Zhou Yu turned over on the bed. Jiang Gan quickly extinguished the lamp and lay down. Zhou Yu mumbled indistinctly, “Ziyi, within a few days I will let you see the traitor Cao’s head!” Jiang Gan forced himself to respond. Zhou Yu said again, “Ziyi, stay a while! I will let you see the traitor Cao’s head!” But when Jiang Gan questioned him, Zhou Yu had fallen asleep again.

Jiang Gan lay on the bed until nearly the fourth watch, when he heard someone enter the tent and call, “Is the Commander-in-Chief awake?” Zhou Yu pretended to awaken suddenly from a dream and deliberately asked the man, “Who is sleeping on the bed?” The man replied, “Commander-in-Chief, you invited Ziyi to sleep with you. How could you have forgotten?” Zhou Yu said regretfully, “Ordinarily, I never drink until I am drunk. Yesterday, I caused trouble after becoming intoxicated. I do not know whether I said anything.” The man said, “Someone has come from north of the river.” Zhou Yu barked, “Keep your voice down!” Then he called, “Ziyi.” Jiang Gan merely pretended to be asleep. Zhou Yu quietly left the tent. Jiang Gan listened secretly and heard someone outside say, “Commanders Zhang and Cai report, ‘We cannot act at once.’” The rest of the conversation was spoken in a very low voice, and he could not hear it clearly.

A short while later, Zhou Yu returned to the tent and again called, “Ziyi.” Jiang Gan did not respond but covered his head and pretended to sleep. Zhou Yu also undressed and went to bed. Jiang Gan thought, “Zhou Yu is a meticulous man. When daylight comes and he discovers the letter missing, he will certainly kill me.” He remained in bed until the fifth watch, then rose and called to Zhou Yu, but Zhou Yu stayed asleep. Jiang Gan put on his headcloth, crept quietly out of the tent, called his young servant, and went directly out through the camp gate. A soldier asked, “Where are you going, sir?” Jiang Gan said, “I fear that if I remain here, I may interfere with the Commander-in-Chief’s affairs, so I will take my leave for now.” The soldiers did not stop him.

Jiang Gan boarded his boat and rowed swiftly back to Cao Cao. Cao Cao asked, “Ziyi, how did your mission go?” Jiang Gan said, “Zhou Yu possesses refined generosity and lofty character. Words cannot move him.” Cao Cao angrily said, “Not only did you fail, but you have made us a laughingstock!” Jiang Gan said, “Though I could not persuade Zhou Yu, I did discover something for you, Chancellor. Please dismiss everyone else.” Jiang Gan produced the letter and gave Cao Cao a full account of everything that had happened. Cao Cao flew into a rage and said, “How dare those two traitors act so outrageously!” He immediately summoned Cai Mao and Zhang Yun to his tent. Cao Cao said, “I want you two to advance the army.” Cai Mao said, “The troops have not yet been fully trained. We must not advance recklessly.” Cao Cao angrily said, “By the time the troops are fully trained, my head will already have been presented to Zhou Yu!” Cai Mao and Zhang Yun did not understand his meaning. Terrified, they could not answer. Cao Cao shouted for the guards to drag them out and behead them. A short while later, their heads were presented beneath the command tent. Only then did Cao Cao realize what had happened, and he said, “I have fallen into a trap!” A later poet lamented:

“Against the cunning hero Cao Cao, none could stand,Yet for a moment he fell victim to Zhou Yu’s scheme.Cai and Zhang sold their lord in hopes of saving their lives—Who could have known that today they would die beneath the sword?”

When the generals saw that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun had been executed, they came in and asked why. Though Cao Cao knew inwardly that he had fallen into a trap, he refused to admit his mistake. Instead, he told the generals, “Those two were negligent in enforcing military discipline. That is why I executed them.” The generals sighed and murmured without end. From among them, Cao Cao selected Mao Jie and Yu Jin to command the navy in place of Cai Mao and Zhang Yun.

Spies learned what had happened and carried the news across the river to Jiangdong. Zhou Yu was overjoyed and said, “Those two men were my only concern. Now that they have been eliminated, I have nothing to worry about.” Lu Su said, “With the Commander-in-Chief conducting warfare like this, how can the traitor Cao possibly escape defeat?” Zhou Yu said, “I believe none of the generals understood this scheme. Zhuge Liang alone possesses insight superior to mine, so I imagine this plan could not have been concealed from him. Zijing, try sounding him out to see whether he knows about it, then return and report to me.” Just as the verse says:

“Having succeeded through a scheme of counterespionage,He went to test the man who watched with a cool and knowing eye.”

Whether Lu Su’s questioning of Kongming produced the expected result will be revealed in the next chapter.