Chapter 44

Zhuge Liang Provokes Zhou Yu by Cunning; Sun Quan Resolves to Defeat Cao Cao

Now Dowager Lady Wu, seeing Sun Quan beset by doubt and unable to decide, said to him, “My late elder sister left these words: ‘As Bofu lay dying, he said: When internal affairs remain undecided, consult Zhang Zhao; when external affairs remain undecided, consult Zhou Yu.’ Why do you not summon Gongjin and ask his counsel?” Sun Quan was overjoyed and at once dispatched a messenger to Poyang to invite Zhou Yu to confer on the matter. Zhou Yu, as it happened, was drilling the naval forces on Lake Poyang. When he heard that Cao Cao’s great army had reached the Han River, he returned by forced marches, traveling day and night, to Chaisang Commandery to deliberate on military affairs. Before Sun Quan’s messenger had even departed, Zhou Yu had already arrived. Lu Su, who was closer to Zhou Yu than any other, went first to meet him and gave him a detailed account of all that had happened. Zhou Yu said, “Zijing, do not worry. I have a plan of my own. Go quickly and invite Kongming here to see me.”

Lu Su mounted his horse and departed. Zhou Yu had only just settled down to rest when it was announced that Zhang Zhao, Gu Yong, Zhang Hong, and Bu Zhi had come to call upon him. Zhou Yu received them in the hall, and when they had taken their seats and exchanged courtesies, Zhang Zhao said, “Does the Commander-in-Chief understand what is at stake for Jiangdong?” “Not yet,” said Zhou Yu. Zhang Zhao said, “Cao Cao commands a million men and is encamped on the Han River. Yesterday he sent a proclamation here, inviting our lord to join him in a hunt at Jiangxia. Though he intends to swallow us up, he has not yet openly shown his hand. We have advised our lord to submit for the present, in hopes of sparing Jiangdong from disaster. Unexpectedly, Lu Zijing returned from Jiangxia with Zhuge Liang, military adviser to Liu Bei. Because Liu Bei himself desires to avenge his defeat, Zhuge Liang has come expressly to stir our lord with persuasive words. Zijing, however, remains obstinately blind. We have been waiting for the Commander-in-Chief to make the final decision.” Zhou Yu said, “Are all your opinions the same?” Gu Yong and the others replied, “We are all of one mind.” Zhou Yu said, “I too have long wished to submit. Please return home. When I see our lord tomorrow morning, I shall settle the matter.”

Zhang Zhao and the others took their leave. A short while later, it was reported that Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, Han Dang, and a company of fighting generals had come to see him. Zhou Yu welcomed them in and exchanged greetings with each. Cheng Pu said, “Does the Commander-in-Chief know that Jiangdong may at any moment pass into another man’s hands?” “I do not,” said Zhou Yu. Cheng Pu said, “We have followed General Sun since he first laid the foundations of his enterprise. Only after several hundred battles, great and small, did we win these cities and territories of the six commanderies. Now our lord, heeding the words of civil counselors, means to surrender to Cao Cao. Truly, this is both shameful and lamentable. We would rather die than suffer such disgrace. We beg the Commander-in-Chief to persuade our lord to resolve upon war. We are willing to fight to the death.” Zhou Yu said, “Are all you generals of the same opinion?” Huang Gai rose in fury, struck his forehead with his hand, and cried, “My head may be severed, but I swear I will never submit to Cao Cao!” The others all said, “None of us is willing to surrender.” Zhou Yu said, “I myself mean to fight Cao Cao to the finish. How could I consent to submit? Please return, generals. When I see our lord, I shall settle the matter.”

Cheng Pu and the others departed. Before long, Zhuge Jin, Lü Fan, and a company of civil officials came to wait upon him. Zhou Yu welcomed them in, and when the formal courtesies were concluded, Zhuge Jin said, “My younger brother, Zhuge Liang, has come from the Han River, saying that Liu Bei wishes to ally himself with Eastern Wu and join in attacking Cao Cao. The civil and military officers have deliberated but reached no decision. Since my younger brother has come as an envoy, I dare not say too much and have waited especially for the Commander-in-Chief to return and decide the matter.” Zhou Yu said, “What is your own view?” Zhuge Jin replied, “Submission promises easy security; war offers no certain safety.” Zhou Yu laughed. “I have a plan of my own. Tomorrow we shall all go together to our lord’s residence and settle the matter.”

Zhuge Jin and the others took their leave. Suddenly it was again reported that Lü Meng, Gan Ning, and another company had come to see him. Zhou Yu invited them in, and they too discussed the matter. Some called for war, others for surrender, and they argued back and forth. Zhou Yu said, “There is no need for further debate. Tomorrow you must all come to our lord’s residence for a general council.” The others then withdrew. Zhou Yu continued to laugh coldly to himself.

Toward evening, a servant reported that Lu Zijing had brought Kongming to pay his respects. Zhou Yu went out through the central gate to welcome them. After the courtesies had been exchanged, host and guests took their appointed seats. Lu Su first asked Zhou Yu, “Cao Cao is now driving his multitudes southward. Our lord cannot decide between the two courses of peace and war and will be guided entirely by you, General. What is your opinion?” Zhou Yu said, “Cao Cao acts in the Son of Heaven’s name, and his army cannot be resisted. Moreover, his power is great, and we must not underestimate the enemy. If we fight, we are certain to lose; if we submit, peace will readily follow. My mind is made up. When I see our lord tomorrow, I shall advise him to send an envoy offering our surrender.”

Lu Su stared at him in astonishment. “Your words are mistaken! The foundations of Jiangdong have endured through three generations. How can they be abandoned to another in a single day? Bofu’s dying charge entrusted external affairs to you, General. Now we rely upon you to preserve the state and stand firm as Mount Tai. How can you too follow the counsels of cowards?” Zhou Yu said, “In the six commanderies of Jiangdong dwell countless living souls. If they are visited by the calamity of war, they will surely lay their grievances at my door. For that reason I have resolved to ask leave to surrender.” Lu Su said, “Not so. Given your heroic ability, General, and the formidable defenses of Eastern Wu, Cao Cao may not so easily achieve his desire.”

As the two disputed back and forth, Kongming merely folded his hands within his sleeves and laughed coldly. Zhou Yu said, “Why do you laugh, sir?” Kongming replied, “I am not laughing at anyone else. I laugh only because Zijing does not understand the demands of the times.” Lu Su said, “Why, sir, do you instead laugh at me for failing to understand the times?” Kongming replied, “Gongjin’s intention to submit to Cao Cao is entirely reasonable.” Zhou Yu said, “Kongming is a man who understands the times; surely his mind and mine are one.” Lu Su said, “Kongming, how can you say such a thing too?” Kongming replied, “Cao Cao is supremely skilled in warfare, and none beneath Heaven dares withstand him. Formerly there were only Lü Bu, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, and Liu Biao who dared oppose him. Now all of them have been destroyed by Cao Cao, and there is no one left beneath Heaven. Liu Bei alone fails to understand the times and insists on contending with him. Now he stands isolated at Jiangxia, with his very survival uncertain. If you, General, resolve to submit to Cao Cao, you may preserve your wife and children and safeguard your wealth and rank. As for the passing of the imperial destiny from one house to another, leave that to the Mandate of Heaven. Why should it merit regret?”

Lu Su flew into a rage. “Would you have my lord bend his knee and suffer humiliation before a traitor to the state?” Kongming replied, “I have a simple plan. There will be no need to lead sheep and bear wine, to yield your lands and offer up your seals; nor will your lord need to cross the river in person. You need only send one lowly envoy in a small boat to deliver two persons to the riverbank. Once Cao Cao obtains these two, his million men will cast off their armor, furl their banners, and withdraw.” Zhou Yu asked, “What two persons could make Cao Cao’s army retreat?” Kongming replied, “For Jiangdong to lose these two would be like a single leaf drifting from a mighty tree, or one grain of millet taken from a vast granary. Yet if Cao Cao obtains them, he will surely rejoice and depart.”

Zhou Yu asked again, “Just what two persons do you mean?” Kongming replied, “While I lived at Longzhong, I heard that Cao Cao had built a new terrace beside the Zhang River called the Bronze Bird Terrace, a structure of surpassing magnificence. He has chosen beautiful women from throughout the realm to fill it. Cao Cao is by nature a lecher, and he has long heard that Lord Qiao of Jiangdong has two daughters: the elder named Da Qiao and the younger Xiao Qiao. They possess beauty that would make fish sink and wild geese fall, and looks that would hide the moon and shame the flowers. Cao Cao once swore: ‘I have two desires. The first is to pacify all within the four seas and establish an imperial enterprise. The second is to obtain the two Qiaos of Jiangdong and place them in the Bronze Bird Terrace, there to delight my later years. If these desires are fulfilled, I shall die without regret.’ Though he now leads a million men and glares like a tiger upon the Southland, in truth he comes for these two women. Why do you not seek out Lord Qiao, purchase his two daughters for a thousand pieces of gold, and send someone to deliver them to Cao Cao? Once Cao Cao obtains the two women, his heart’s desire will be satisfied, and he will surely withdraw his army. This is the same stratagem by which Fan Li presented Xi Shi. Why not carry it out at once?”

Zhou Yu said, “What proof is there that Cao Cao desires the two Qiaos?” Kongming replied, “Cao Cao’s youngest son, Cao Zhi, whose style is Zijian, can set brush to paper and produce a finished composition. Cao Cao once commanded him to write a rhapsody entitled ‘Rhapsody on the Bronze Bird Terrace.’ Its meaning is simply that the Cao house is destined to possess the throne and has sworn to take the two Qiaos.” Zhou Yu said, “Can you remember this rhapsody?” Kongming replied, “I admired the beauty of its language and secretly committed it to memory.” Zhou Yu said, “Please recite it for me.” Kongming immediately recited the “Rhapsody on the Bronze Bird Terrace”:

Following our enlightened lord in joyous roaming,I ascend the tiered terrace to gladden my heart.I behold the palace precincts opening wide,And gaze upon what sacred virtue has raised.Lofty gates soar in rugged grandeur,Twin watchtowers float in the highest blue.A splendid pavilion stands midway to Heaven,Its flying galleries joined to the western wall.Below flows the long course of the Zhang River;Beyond, the orchard trees flourish in abundance.Twin terraces rise to left and right,Named Jade Dragon and Golden Phoenix.I shall take the two Qiaos from the southeast,And rejoice with them morning and evening.I look down upon the imperial city’s vast splendorAnd watch the clouds and rosy vapors drift.I delight as assembled talents gather,Fulfilling the auspicious dream of the flying bear.I lift my face to the mild harmony of the spring windAnd hear the plaintive cries of the hundred birds.Its soaring height, once established, spans the heavens;Our house desires that both its aims be fulfilled.Benevolent influence spreads throughout the universe,And all bow reverently before the supreme capital.The glories of Duke Huan and Duke Wen—How could they compare with such sacred wisdom?Glorious indeed! Beautiful indeed!Its gracious bounty shall spread afar.Assist and uphold our imperial house,Bringing peace to every quarter.Its measure shall equal Heaven and Earth,Its radiance rival sun and moon.May its honor and dignity endure without end;May our lord’s life equal that of the Eastern Sovereign.He rides beneath the dragon banner in joyous roaming,And turns his phoenix carriage to journey everywhere.His gracious transformation reaches the four seas;Good harvests abound and the people prosper.May this terrace stand forever secure,Its joy enduring through all ages without end!

When Zhou Yu had heard the rhapsody through, he sprang up in towering fury, left his seat, pointed north, and cursed: “The old villain insults me beyond endurance!” Kongming hurriedly rose to restrain him. “In former times, when the Shanyu repeatedly invaded the frontier, the Han emperor promised an imperial princess in marriage to secure peace. Why now begrudge two common women?” Zhou Yu said, “There is something you do not know, sir. Da Qiao is the wife of General Sun Bofu, and Xiao Qiao is my own wife.” Kongming feigned a look of alarm. “I truly did not know. My tongue slipped and I spoke recklessly. I deserve death! I deserve death!” Zhou Yu said, “The old villain and I have sworn never to exist beneath the same sky!” Kongming replied, “The matter requires careful thought, lest you later regret your decision.” Zhou Yu said, “Bofu entrusted his charge to me. How could I ever abase myself and submit to Cao Cao? What I said just now was only to test you. From the moment I left Lake Poyang, my heart was set on marching north. Even if the headsman’s blade were laid against my neck, I would not change my resolve. I hope, Kongming, that you will lend me your strength and join me in defeating Cao Cao.” Kongming replied, “If you do not disdain my service, I am willing to labor like a dog or horse and stand ready day and night to obey your commands.” Zhou Yu said, “Tomorrow I shall go before our lord, and we will at once discuss raising the army.” Kongming and Lu Su took their leave, parted from Zhou Yu, and departed.

Early the next morning, Sun Quan ascended the hall. On the left stood more than thirty civil officials, including Zhang Zhao and Gu Yong; on the right stood more than thirty military officers, including Cheng Pu and Huang Gai. Their robes and caps made a splendid array, and their swords and pendants rang as they stood attending in their separate ranks.

Before long, Zhou Yu entered for audience. When the formal courtesies and Sun Quan’s inquiries after his welfare were concluded, Zhou Yu said, “I have lately heard that Cao Cao has led his army to encamp on the Han River and sent a letter here. What is my lord’s esteemed opinion?” Sun Quan at once took out the proclamation and gave it to Zhou Yu to read. When Zhou Yu had finished, he laughed and said, “Does the old villain think there are no men in Jiangdong, that he dares insult us so?” Sun Quan asked, “What is your opinion?” Zhou Yu said, “Has my lord consulted the civil and military officers?” Sun Quan replied, “For several days we have debated this matter. Some advise me to submit, others advise me to fight. My own mind remains unsettled, and so I have summoned Gongjin to decide.” Zhou Yu asked, “Who has advised my lord to submit?” Sun Quan replied, “Zhang Zibu and the others all favor that course.” Zhou Yu then asked Zhang Zhao, “I should like to hear, sir, your reasons for advocating surrender.” Zhang Zhao replied, “Cao Cao holds the Son of Heaven in his grasp and campaigns throughout the realm, always acting in the name of the imperial court. Recently he has also acquired Jingzhou, and his power and prestige have grown still greater. The only thing by which we in Jiangdong can resist Cao Cao is the Yangtze River. Yet Cao Cao now possesses not merely hundreds but thousands of warships and armored vessels. If he advances by land and water together, how can we withstand him? It would be better to submit for the time being and devise some later plan.” Zhou Yu said, “That is the argument of a pedantic scholar! Since Jiangdong first established its state, three generations have now passed. How could we bear to cast it away in a single day?” Sun Quan asked, “If so, what plan should we adopt?”

Zhou Yu said, “Though Cao Cao assumes the title of Chancellor of Han, in truth he is a traitor to Han. You, General, possess divine martial prowess and heroic talent; relying upon the enterprise bequeathed by your father and elder brother, you hold Jiangdong, with seasoned troops and plentiful provisions. You should now range unhindered through the realm, removing cruelty and suppressing violence on behalf of the state. How could you submit to a traitor? Moreover, in coming here Cao Cao has violated several cardinal principles of war. The north has not yet been pacified, and Ma Teng and Han Sui remain a danger behind him, yet Cao Cao has embarked upon a prolonged southern campaign: that is his first disadvantage. His northern troops are unversed in naval warfare, yet Cao Cao has abandoned saddle and horse to rely upon boats and oars in contending with Eastern Wu: that is his second disadvantage. Furthermore, it is now the bitter cold of midwinter, and there is no wormwood or grass for his horses: that is his third disadvantage. He has driven soldiers from the Central Plains far across rivers and lakes, where they are unaccustomed to the climate and will fall sick in great numbers: that is his fourth disadvantage. Cao Cao’s army has incurred all these disadvantages; though numerous, it is certain to be defeated. The time for you to capture Cao Cao, General, is today. Grant me several thousand picked troops, and I shall advance to Xiakou and destroy him for you!”

Sun Quan sprang to his feet and declared, “The old villain has long desired to depose the Han and set himself upon the throne. The only men he feared were the two Yuans, Lü Bu, Liu Biao, and myself. Now those heroes have all been destroyed, and I alone remain. The old villain and I have sworn never to exist beneath the same sky! Your counsel that we attack accords perfectly with my own desire. Heaven itself has bestowed you upon me.” Zhou Yu said, “I shall fight one bloody battle for you, General, and though I die ten thousand deaths, I will not refuse. I fear only that you may remain wavering and undecided.” Sun Quan drew his sword and hacked a corner from the memorial table before him. “Any officer or general who again speaks of submitting to Cao Cao shall meet the fate of this table!” When he had spoken, he bestowed the sword upon Zhou Yu and appointed him Grand Commander-in-Chief, Cheng Pu Deputy Commander-in-Chief, and Lu Su Colonel Who Assists the Army. Should any civil official, military officer, or general disobey orders, Zhou Yu was empowered to execute him with that sword.

Zhou Yu accepted the sword and addressed the assembly: “By our lord’s command, I shall lead our forces to defeat Cao Cao. Tomorrow all generals and officers are to report to the field headquarters by the river to receive their orders. Whoever is late or negligent shall be dealt with according to the Seven Prohibitions and Fifty-Four Capital Offenses.” Having spoken, he took leave of Sun Quan, rose, and departed from the residence. The civil and military officers dispersed, none daring to utter a word.

When Zhou Yu returned to his lodgings, he immediately invited Kongming to discuss affairs. Kongming arrived, and Zhou Yu said, “Today the general council at our lord’s residence reached its decision. I ask you for a sound strategy to defeat Cao Cao.” Kongming replied, “General Sun’s heart is still unsettled. No decisive plan can yet be made.” Zhou Yu asked, “What do you mean when you say his heart is unsettled?” Kongming replied, “He is frightened by the size of Cao Cao’s army and fears that the few cannot oppose the many. You, General, must explain the true numbers of the armies so that he understands clearly and has no further doubt. Only then can the great enterprise succeed.” Zhou Yu said, “Your judgment is excellent.”

Zhou Yu therefore went again to see Sun Quan. Sun Quan said, “Gongjin, you have come at night; there must be some reason.” Zhou Yu replied, “Tomorrow I shall assign the troops and horses. Does my lord still harbor any doubts?” Sun Quan said, “I worry only that Cao Cao has too many soldiers and that the few cannot resist the many. Beyond that I have no doubts.” Zhou Yu laughed. “It is precisely for this reason that I have come especially to set my lord’s mind at ease. You saw Cao Cao’s proclamation claiming that his land and naval forces number a million, and so fear and doubt arose in your heart before you examined whether his claim was true or false. Let us now calculate the reality. The troops he brings from the Central Plains number no more than one hundred fifty or one hundred sixty thousand, and they are already weary from long campaigning. The troops he obtained from the Yuan clan number only seventy or eighty thousand, and many among them still harbor doubts and have not truly submitted. He must use long-exhausted soldiers to control a wavering multitude. Though their numbers are great, they are nothing to fear. Give me fifty thousand men, and they will be more than enough to defeat him. I beg my lord not to let this trouble you.” Sun Quan stroked Zhou Yu’s back and said, “Gongjin, these words are enough to dispel my doubts. Zibu has no strategy and has deeply disappointed me. You and Zijing alone are of one heart with me. You may join Zijing and Cheng Pu and begin choosing troops for the advance this very day. I shall send further forces after you, carrying ample supplies and provisions, to support you from the rear. If the vanguard does not prosper, return to me. I shall then personally fight a decisive battle against the traitor Cao. I have no further doubts.”

Zhou Yu thanked him and withdrew, thinking secretly, “Kongming had already fathomed the Marquis of Wu’s thoughts. His calculations surpass mine by yet another degree. In time he will surely become a menace to Jiangdong. Better to kill him now.” He therefore sent someone that very night to summon Lu Su to his tent and told him that he intended to kill Kongming. Lu Su said, “You must not. Before the traitor Cao has been defeated, to kill a worthy man would be to cast away our own assistance.” Zhou Yu said, “This man aids Liu Bei and is certain to become a menace to Jiangdong.” Lu Su replied, “Zhuge Jin is his own elder brother. You can have him persuade Kongming to enter the service of Eastern Wu. Would that not be excellent?” Zhou Yu approved his suggestion.

At dawn the next day, Zhou Yu went to the field headquarters, entered the central command tent, and took his seat of authority. Executioners with swords and axes stood to either side, while civil officials and military generals assembled to receive his orders. Cheng Pu was older than Zhou Yu, and now that Zhou Yu held rank above him, he was displeased at heart. That day he feigned illness and did not appear, sending his eldest son, Cheng Zi, in his place. Zhou Yu addressed the assembled generals: “The law of the sovereign recognizes no private attachments. Let each of you faithfully perform his duty. Cao Cao now usurps power even more grievously than Dong Zhuo, holding the Son of Heaven captive at Xuchang and massing his brutal troops upon our borders. I have now received orders to chastise him, and I trust that all of you will strive your utmost in the advance. Wherever the army passes, the people are not to be disturbed. Merit shall be rewarded and crimes punished, without partiality or indulgence.”

When he had finished issuing his commands, Zhou Yu appointed Han Dang and Huang Gai commanders of the vanguard. They were to lead the warships of their own divisions, depart that very day, advance to the confluence of the three rivers, and establish a camp there to await further orders. Jiang Qin and Zhou Tai formed the second division; Ling Tong and Pan Zhang the third; Taishi Ci and Lü Meng the fourth; Lu Xun and Dong Xi the fifth. Lü Fan and Zhu Zhi were appointed roving inspectors of the four quarters. They were to supervise and hasten the officers and soldiers of the six divisions, which would advance by land and water and assemble at the appointed time.

Once the assignments had been completed, the generals prepared their ships and weapons and set out. Cheng Zi returned to his father, Cheng Pu, and told him that Zhou Yu’s deployment of the troops had been conducted with strict order and method. Cheng Pu was greatly astonished. “I have always belittled young Zhou as weak and unfit to command. Now that he has shown such ability, he is a true general! How could I refuse to obey him?” He therefore went in person to the field headquarters and apologized for his offense. Zhou Yu courteously apologized in return.

The next day, Zhou Yu summoned Zhuge Jin and said to him, “Your younger brother Kongming possesses the talent to assist a sovereign. Why should he abase himself in the service of Liu Bei? By good fortune he has now come to Jiangdong. I would trouble you, sir, not to begrudge a few persuasive words, but to induce your younger brother to abandon Liu Bei and serve Eastern Wu. Then our lord will gain an able counselor, while you two brothers will be reunited. Would that not be an excellent thing? I hope you will go at once.” Zhuge Jin replied, “Since coming to Jiangdong, I am ashamed to have rendered not the slightest service. Now that the Commander-in-Chief has given me this command, how could I dare withhold my efforts?” He immediately mounted his horse and rode straight to the posthouse to see Kongming. Kongming received him within. The brothers wept, bowed to each other, and each told of his longing during their separation.

Zhuge Jin said tearfully, “Younger brother, do you know of Boyi and Shuqi?” Kongming thought secretly, “Zhou Yu must have instructed him to come and persuade me.” He therefore replied, “Boyi and Shuqi were sages and worthies of ancient times.” Zhuge Jin said, “Though Boyi and Shuqi starved to death beneath Mount Shouyang, the two brothers at least remained together. You and I were born of the same parents and nursed at the same breast, yet now we serve different lords and cannot be together morning and evening. When we consider how Boyi and Shuqi conducted themselves, can we feel no shame?” Kongming replied, “What you speak of, elder brother, is affection; what I uphold is righteousness. You and I are both men of Han. Liu Bei is a scion of the imperial house of Han. If you could leave Eastern Wu and join me in serving Liu Bei, then above you would not be ashamed as a minister of Han, while flesh and blood would also be reunited. This would be a plan fulfilling both affection and righteousness. I do not know what you think of it, elder brother.”

Zhuge Jin thought, “I came to persuade him, but instead he has persuaded me.” Finding no words with which to answer, he rose and took his leave. He returned to Zhou Yu and gave him a detailed account of Kongming’s words. Zhou Yu asked, “What is your own intention?” Zhuge Jin replied, “I have received General Sun’s generous favor. How could I ever betray him?” Zhou Yu said, “Since you are loyal in the service of your lord, nothing more need be said. I have a plan of my own for bringing Kongming to submission.” Truly:

When wisdom meets wisdom, the two should surely unite;Yet when talent rivals talent, neither can brook the other.

What plan did Zhou Yu devise to subdue Kongming? Read the next chapter to learn.

Zhuge Liang Provokes Zhou Yu by Cunning; Sun Quan Resolves to Defeat Cao Cao

Now Lady Wu saw that Sun Quan remained doubtful and undecided, so she said to him, “Your late aunt left these words: ‘As Bofu lay dying, he said: For internal affairs that cannot be decided, consult Zhang Zhao; for external affairs that cannot be decided, consult Zhou Yu.’ Why do you not summon Gongjin and ask him?” Sun Quan was delighted and immediately sent a messenger to Poyang to invite Zhou Yu to discuss the matter. As it happened, Zhou Yu had been training the naval forces on Lake Poyang. When he heard that Cao Cao’s great army had reached the Han River, he returned to Chaisang Commandery day and night to discuss military strategy. Before the messenger had even departed, Zhou Yu had already arrived. Lu Su, who was Zhou Yu’s closest friend, went first to meet him and gave him a detailed account of everything that had happened. Zhou Yu said, “Zijing, do not worry. I have my own plan. Go quickly and invite Kongming to meet me.”

Lu Su mounted his horse and left. Zhou Yu had only just settled down to rest when it was reported that Zhang Zhao, Gu Yong, Zhang Hong, and Bu Zhi had come to see him. Zhou Yu received them in the hall, and after they were seated and had exchanged greetings, Zhang Zhao said, “Does the Commander-in-Chief understand what is at stake for Jiangdong?” Zhou Yu said, “Not yet.” Zhang Zhao said, “Cao Cao commands a million men and is encamped along the Han River. Yesterday he sent a proclamation here, inviting our lord to join him in a hunt at Jiangxia. Though he intends to swallow us up, he has not yet openly revealed it. We have advised our lord to surrender for the time being, in hopes of sparing Jiangdong from disaster. Unexpectedly, Lu Zijing brought Liu Bei’s military adviser Zhuge Liang here from Jiangxia. Because Zhuge Liang wishes to avenge his own grievances, he has deliberately used persuasive arguments to incite our lord. Zijing, however, remains obstinately blind to the truth. We have been waiting for the Commander-in-Chief to settle the matter.” Zhou Yu said, “Do all of you share this opinion?” Gu Yong and the others said, “We are all of one mind.” Zhou Yu said, “I too have long wished to surrender. Please return home. When I see our lord tomorrow morning, I will present a definite decision.”

Zhang Zhao and the others took their leave. A short while later, it was reported that Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, Han Dang, and a group of military officers had come to see him. Zhou Yu welcomed them in and exchanged greetings with each of them. Cheng Pu said, “Does the Commander-in-Chief know that sooner or later Jiangdong will belong to someone else?” Zhou Yu said, “I do not.” Cheng Pu said, “We have followed General Sun since he first established his foundation and began his great enterprise. Only after hundreds of battles, large and small, did we win the cities of the six commanderies. Now our lord has listened to the civil advisers and intends to surrender to Cao Cao. This is truly shameful and lamentable. We would rather die than endure such disgrace. We hope the Commander-in-Chief will urge our lord to resolve upon war. We are willing to fight to the death.” Zhou Yu said, “Do all you generals share this opinion?” Huang Gai rose indignantly, struck his forehead with his hand, and said, “My head may be cut off, but I swear I will never surrender to Cao Cao!” Everyone said, “None of us is willing to surrender.” Zhou Yu said, “I myself intend to fight Cao Cao to the finish. How could I be willing to surrender? Please return, generals. When I see our lord, I will present a definite decision.”

Cheng Pu and the others departed. Before long, Zhuge Jin, Lü Fan, and a group of civil officials came to call. Zhou Yu welcomed them in, and after the proper courtesies had been exchanged, Zhuge Jin said, “My younger brother Zhuge Liang has come from the Han River and says that Liu Bei, Governor of Yuzhou, wishes to ally himself with Eastern Wu and attack Cao Cao together. The civil and military officials have discussed the matter but reached no decision. Since my younger brother has come as an envoy, I dare not say too much. I have been waiting especially for the Commander-in-Chief to arrive and decide the matter.” Zhou Yu said, “In your opinion, what should be done?” Zhuge Jin said, “Surrender offers easy security; battle offers no sure survival.” Zhou Yu laughed and said, “I have my own plan. Tomorrow we will go together to our lord’s residence and settle the matter.”

Zhuge Jin and the others took their leave. Suddenly it was reported that Lü Meng, Gan Ning, and another group had come to see him. Zhou Yu invited them in, and they too discussed the matter. Some advocated war, while others advocated surrender, and they argued back and forth. Zhou Yu said, “There is no need to say more. Tomorrow, all of you are to come to our lord’s residence for a general discussion.” The others then took their leave. Zhou Yu continued to smile coldly to himself.

That evening, a servant reported that Lu Zijing had brought Kongming to pay his respects. Zhou Yu went out through the central gate to welcome them. After the proper courtesies, host and guests took their places. Lu Su began by asking Zhou Yu, “Cao Cao is now driving his forces southward in an invasion. Our lord cannot decide between peace and war and will defer entirely to you. What is your opinion, General?” Zhou Yu said, “Cao Cao acts in the emperor’s name, so his army cannot be resisted. Moreover, his power is great, and we must not underestimate him. If we fight, we are certain to lose; if we surrender, security will be easily obtained. My mind is made up. When I see our lord tomorrow, I will advise him to send an envoy to offer our surrender.”

Lu Su was stunned. “You are mistaken!” he said. “Jiangdong’s foundation has already endured through three generations. How can it be abandoned to another man in a single day? Bofu’s dying words entrusted external affairs to you, General. Now we are relying upon you to preserve the state and serve as its support, solid as Mount Tai. How can you follow the counsel of cowards?” Zhou Yu said, “There are countless living souls in Jiangdong’s six commanderies. If they suffer the calamity of war, they will surely blame me. That is why I have resolved to request permission to surrender.” Lu Su said, “That is not so. With your heroic ability, General, and Eastern Wu’s formidable natural defenses, Cao Cao may not necessarily get what he wants.”

The two argued back and forth, while Kongming merely folded his hands in his sleeves and smiled coldly. Zhou Yu said, “Why are you laughing, sir?” Kongming said, “I am not laughing at anyone else. I am laughing only because Zijing does not understand the times.” Lu Su said, “Why do you instead laugh at me for failing to understand the times?” Kongming said, “Gongjin’s intention to surrender to Cao Cao is perfectly reasonable.” Zhou Yu said, “Kongming is a man who understands the times. He is surely of one mind with me.” Lu Su said, “Kongming, how can you say this too?” Kongming said, “Cao Cao is extraordinarily skilled in warfare, and no one in the empire dares oppose him. In the past, only Lü Bu, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, and Liu Biao dared face him in battle. Now all of them have been destroyed by Cao Cao, and no one remains in the empire. Only Liu Bei, Governor of Yuzhou, fails to understand the times and insists on contending with him. He is now isolated in Jiangxia, and even his survival is uncertain. If the general resolves to surrender to Cao Cao, he can protect his wife and children and preserve his wealth and rank. Whether the dynasty’s mandate passes elsewhere may be left to Heaven’s decree. Why should that be regretted?”

Lu Su became furious and said, “Would you have our lord bend his knees and submit to humiliation before a traitor to the state?” Kongming said, “I have a simple plan. There will be no need to lead sheep or carry wine, surrender your territory, or present your seals of office. Nor will our lord need to cross the river in person. He need only send a single envoy in a small boat to deliver two people to Cao Cao on the river. Once Cao Cao obtains these two, his million-man army will cast off its armor, furl its banners, and withdraw.” Zhou Yu said, “What two people could be used to make Cao Cao’s army withdraw?” Kongming said, “For Jiangdong to lose these two people would be like a single leaf drifting away from a great tree, or one grain of millet taken from an enormous granary. But if Cao Cao obtains them, he will certainly be overjoyed and depart.”

Zhou Yu asked again, “Exactly which two people are needed?” Kongming said, “When I was living in Longzhong, I heard that Cao Cao had built a new terrace beside the Zhang River called the Bronze Bird Terrace. It is magnificent beyond compare. He has selected beautiful women from throughout the empire to fill it. Cao Cao is by nature a lustful man. He has long heard that Lord Qiao of Jiangdong has two daughters, the elder named Da Qiao and the younger named Xiao Qiao. Their beauty could make fish sink and wild geese fall, and make the moon hide and flowers blush. Cao Cao once swore, ‘I have two wishes: first, to pacify all within the four seas and complete an imperial enterprise; second, to obtain the two Qiaos of Jiangdong, place them on the Bronze Bird Terrace, and take pleasure with them in my old age. Then, even if I die, I will have no regrets.’ Though he has now brought a million men and glares hungrily toward the south, in truth he has come for these two women. Why do you not seek out Lord Qiao, General, purchase the two women for a thousand pieces of gold, and send someone to deliver them to Cao Cao? Once Cao Cao obtains them, his heart’s desire will be satisfied, and he will certainly withdraw his army. This is the same strategy Fan Li used when he presented Xi Shi. Why not carry it out at once?”

Zhou Yu said, “What proof is there that Cao Cao desires the two Qiaos?” Kongming said, “Cao Cao’s youngest son, Cao Zhi, whose style name is Zijian, can compose literature as soon as he sets brush to paper. Cao Cao once ordered him to write a rhapsody entitled ‘Rhapsody on the Bronze Bird Terrace.’ The whole meaning of the rhapsody is that his family is destined to become emperors and that he has sworn to take the two Qiaos.” Zhou Yu said, “Can you remember this rhapsody, sir?” Kongming said, “I admired the beauty of its language and once secretly committed it to memory.” Zhou Yu said, “Please recite it.” Kongming immediately recited the “Rhapsody on the Bronze Bird Terrace”:

I follow my enlightened lord in joyful roaming,Ascending the tiered terrace to delight the heart.I see the great palace opened wide,And behold what sacred virtue has constructed.Lofty gates rise rugged and towering,Twin watchtowers float in the highest heavens.Splendid galleries stand midway to the sky,And flying pavilions link with the western walls.We overlook the Zhang River’s ceaseless flow,And gaze upon the flourishing orchard trees.Twin terraces stand to left and right,The Jade Dragon and the Golden Phoenix.I take the two Qiaos from the southeast,To share my joy with them morning and night.Below lies the imperial capital in vast magnificence,While drifting clouds and rosy vapors float beneath.I rejoice that gathered talents come flocking here,Fulfilling the auspicious dream of the flying bear.I lift my face to the gentle harmony of the spring wind,And listen to the plaintive cries of a hundred birds.Now that it stands enduring beneath the clouded heavens,Every household wishes both desires fulfilled.Benevolent influence spreads throughout the universe,And all show reverent obedience to the supreme capital.Though Dukes Huan and Wen were glorious,How could they compare with our sacred and enlightened lord?How splendid! How beautiful!His gracious blessings spread afar.They aid and uphold our imperial house,Bringing peace to every quarter.His measure equals that of Heaven and Earth,His radiance matches the sun and moon.May his honor and nobility endure without limit,And his life equal that of the Lord of the East.He drives the dragon banner on his joyful progress,And turns his phoenix carriage to travel everywhere.His gracious influence reaches throughout the four seas,All good things abound, and the people prosper.May this terrace stand firm forever,And its joy continue through all ages without end!

When Zhou Yu had heard the entire rhapsody, he flew into a towering rage. Leaving his seat, he pointed north and cursed, “That old traitor has insulted me beyond endurance!” Kongming hurriedly rose to restrain him and said, “In the past, when the Chanyu repeatedly invaded the frontier, the Han emperor agreed to send an imperial princess in marriage to make peace. Why begrudge him two common women now?” Zhou Yu said, “There is something you do not know, sir. Da Qiao is General Sun Bofu’s wife, and Xiao Qiao is my own wife.” Kongming pretended to be alarmed and said, “I truly did not know. I spoke recklessly and let the words slip out. I deserve death! I deserve death!” Zhou Yu said, “That old traitor and I swear we cannot both exist!” Kongming said, “The matter must be considered three times, lest you later regret it.” Zhou Yu said, “Bofu entrusted his charge to me. How could I ever abase myself by surrendering to Cao Cao? What I said just now was only to test you. From the moment I left Lake Poyang, I have intended to campaign northward. Even if the sword and ax were laid against my neck, I would not change my resolve. I hope you will lend me your aid so that together we may defeat Cao Cao.” Kongming said, “If you do not reject me, I am willing to serve you with the devotion of a dog or horse and stand ready day and night to obey your commands.” Zhou Yu said, “Tomorrow I will go to see our lord, and we will discuss raising the army.” Kongming and Lu Su took their leave, said farewell, and departed.

Early the next morning, Sun Quan took his seat in the hall. On the left stood more than thirty civil officials, including Zhang Zhao and Gu Yong. On the right stood more than thirty military officers, including Cheng Pu and Huang Gai. Their robes and caps formed an impressive array, and their swords and pendants rang as they stood in their appointed ranks.

Before long, Zhou Yu entered for an audience. After the formal courtesies and Sun Quan’s words of greeting, Zhou Yu said, “I recently heard that Cao Cao has led his army to encamp along the Han River and has sent a letter here. What is your considered opinion, my lord?” Sun Quan took out the proclamation and gave it to Zhou Yu to read. When Zhou Yu had finished reading it, he laughed and said, “Does that old traitor think there are no capable men in Jiangdong, that he dares insult us like this?” Sun Quan said, “What is your opinion?” Zhou Yu said, “Has my lord discussed the matter with the civil and military officials?” Sun Quan said, “We have discussed it for several days. Some advise me to surrender, while others advise me to fight. I have not made up my mind, and so I summoned you, Gongjin, to settle the matter.” Zhou Yu said, “Who has advised my lord to surrender?” Sun Quan said, “Zhang Zibu and the others all favor that course.” Zhou Yu immediately asked Zhang Zhao, “Sir, I would like to hear your reasons for advocating surrender.” Zhang Zhao said, “Cao Cao holds the emperor in his power and wages war in every direction, always acting in the name of the imperial court. Recently he also obtained Jingzhou, making his might and influence still greater. The only thing Jiangdong has with which to resist Cao Cao is the Yangtze River. But Cao Cao now has not merely hundreds but thousands of warships and armored vessels. If he advances by both land and water, how can we withstand him? It would be better to surrender for the time being and devise another plan later.” Zhou Yu said, “That is the argument of a pedantic scholar! Since Jiangdong’s state was founded, it has endured for three generations. How can we bear to cast it away in a single day?” Sun Quan said, “If so, what plan should we adopt?”

Zhou Yu said, “Though Cao Cao bears the title of Chancellor of Han, he is in truth a traitor to Han. With your divinely martial prowess and heroic ability, General, you rely upon the enterprise left by your father and elder brother, possess Jiangdong, and command excellent troops with ample provisions. You should now range across the empire and eliminate cruelty and oppression on behalf of the state. How can you surrender to a traitor? Moreover, in this present campaign Cao Cao has violated many principles of warfare. The north has not yet been pacified, and Ma Teng and Han Sui remain a threat behind him, yet Cao Cao has undertaken a prolonged southern campaign. This is his first violation. His northern troops are unskilled in naval warfare, yet Cao Cao has abandoned saddle and horse to rely upon boats and oars in a contest with Eastern Wu. This is his second violation. It is now the bitter cold of deep winter, and his horses have no fresh grass. This is his third violation. He has driven soldiers from the central plains on a distant march across rivers and lakes. They are unaccustomed to the climate and terrain and will fall ill in great numbers. This is his fourth violation. Cao Cao’s army has committed all these errors, and though it is large, it is certain to be defeated. The time for you to capture Cao Cao is today, General. Give me several thousand picked troops, and I will advance to Xiakou and destroy him for you!”

Sun Quan sprang to his feet and said, “That old traitor has long wished to abolish the Han and set himself up in its place. The only men he feared were the two Yuans, Lü Bu, Liu Biao, and myself. Now those heroes have been destroyed, and I alone remain. I swear that the old traitor and I cannot both exist! Your advice to attack accords perfectly with my own wishes. Heaven has given you to me.” Zhou Yu said, “I will fight one decisive and bloody battle for you, General, and would not refuse even ten thousand deaths. I fear only that you may remain wavering and undecided.” Sun Quan drew his sword and hacked off a corner of the writing table before him. “Any civil or military officer who again speaks of surrendering to Cao Cao,” he said, “shall share the fate of this table!” After speaking, he gave the sword to Zhou Yu. He then appointed Zhou Yu Chief Commander, Cheng Pu Deputy Commander, and Lu Su Colonel Who Assists the Army. If any civil or military officer disobeyed orders, Zhou Yu was authorized to execute him with that sword.

Zhou Yu accepted the sword and addressed the assembly: “I have received our lord’s command to lead the forces against Cao Cao. Tomorrow all generals and officers are to report to the field headquarters by the river to receive orders. Anyone who is late or absent will be dealt with according to the Seven Prohibitions and Fifty-Four Capital Offenses.” Having spoken, he took leave of Sun Quan, rose, and departed from the residence. The civil and military officials dispersed in silence.

When Zhou Yu returned to his lodging, he immediately invited Kongming to discuss military affairs. Kongming arrived, and Zhou Yu said, “Today the general council at our lord’s residence reached its decision. I would like to ask you for an effective strategy to defeat Cao Cao.” Kongming said, “General Sun’s heart is still unsettled, so no final strategy can yet be made.” Zhou Yu said, “What do you mean by saying his heart is unsettled?” Kongming said, “He is afraid because Cao Cao has so many soldiers and fears that a small force cannot withstand a large one. Explain the actual numbers of the armies to him, General, and remove his doubts entirely. Only then can the great undertaking succeed.” Zhou Yu said, “Your argument is excellent, sir.”

Zhou Yu therefore went back to see Sun Quan. Sun Quan said, “Gongjin, you have come at night, so there must be some reason.” Zhou Yu said, “I will assign the troops tomorrow. Does my lord still have any doubts?” Sun Quan said, “I worry only that Cao Cao has so many soldiers and that the few cannot withstand the many. Apart from that, I have no doubts.” Zhou Yu laughed and said, “I came especially to set my lord’s mind at ease on that very point. Because my lord saw Cao Cao’s proclamation claiming that his combined land and naval forces numbered a million, you became doubtful and afraid without examining whether the claim was true or false. Let us now compare it with the facts. The troops he has brought from the central plains number no more than a hundred and fifty or sixty thousand, and they have long been exhausted. The forces he acquired from the Yuan clan number only seventy or eighty thousand, and many of them remain suspicious and have not sincerely submitted. Though the force is large, it consists of long-exhausted soldiers controlling doubtful and disaffected men, so there is nothing to fear. Give me fifty thousand troops, and I will have more than enough to defeat them. I hope my lord will not worry.” Sun Quan stroked Zhou Yu’s back and said, “Gongjin, these words are enough to remove my doubts. Zibu has no strategic insight and has deeply disappointed me. Only you and Zijing are of one mind with me. You may join Zijing and Cheng Pu and select the army this very day to advance. I will send additional troops afterward with abundant supplies and provisions to support you from the rear. If your vanguard does not fare as you wish, return to me. I will personally fight a decisive battle with the traitor Cao, and I will have no further doubts.”

Zhou Yu thanked him and withdrew. Privately, he thought, “Kongming had already foreseen the Marquis of Wu’s thoughts. His planning is one degree above my own. If he remains long, he will surely become a danger to Jiangdong. It would be better to kill him.” He therefore had Lu Su summoned to his tent that very night and told him that he wished to kill Kongming. Lu Su said, “You must not. Before the traitor Cao has been defeated, to kill a worthy man would be to deprive ourselves of assistance.” Zhou Yu said, “This man assists Liu Bei and will surely become a danger to Jiangdong.” Lu Su said, “Zhuge Jin is his own elder brother. He can be asked to persuade Kongming to enter Eastern Wu’s service. Would that not be an excellent solution?” Zhou Yu approved his suggestion.

At daybreak the next morning, Zhou Yu went to the field headquarters and took the high seat in the central command tent. Executioners armed with swords and axes stood to either side, while the civil and military officers assembled to receive their orders. Cheng Pu was older than Zhou Yu, but Zhou Yu now held the higher rank, and Cheng Pu was displeased. That day he claimed to be ill and did not appear, sending his eldest son, Cheng Zi, in his place. Zhou Yu commanded the generals, “The law of the sovereign recognizes no personal favoritism. Each of you must faithfully perform his duties. Cao Cao now usurps authority even more outrageously than Dong Zhuo. He holds the emperor prisoner in Xuchang and has massed brutal troops along our frontier. I have now received orders to campaign against him, and I trust that all of you will exert yourselves and press boldly forward. Wherever the army goes, it must not disturb the people. Merit will be rewarded and crimes punished, without partiality or indulgence.”

After issuing these orders, Zhou Yu appointed Han Dang and Huang Gai as vanguard commanders. They were to lead the warships of their own units, depart that very day, advance to the mouth of the Three Rivers, establish a camp, and await further orders. Jiang Qin and Zhou Tai formed the second division; Ling Tong and Pan Zhang, the third; Taishi Ci and Lü Meng, the fourth; Lu Xun and Dong Xi, the fifth. Lü Fan and Zhu Zhi were appointed patrol commissioners for the four quarters. They were to supervise and urge on the six divisions of officers and troops, which would advance together by land and water and assemble by the appointed deadline.

When the assignments were complete, the generals each prepared their ships and weapons and set out. Cheng Zi returned to his father Cheng Pu and told him that Zhou Yu had deployed the troops with discipline and method in every action. Cheng Pu was greatly astonished and said, “I always looked down on young Zhou as weak and unfit to command. Now that he has shown such ability, he is truly a great general! How can I refuse to submit to him?” He therefore went personally to the field headquarters and apologized for his offense. Zhou Yu also responded with humility and apologies.

The next day, Zhou Yu summoned Zhuge Jin and said to him, “Your younger brother Kongming possesses the talent to assist a sovereign. Why should he abase himself by serving Liu Bei? Now that he has fortunately come to Jiangdong, I would like to trouble you, sir, to use a few persuasive words and induce your younger brother to leave Liu Bei and serve Eastern Wu. Our lord would thereby gain an excellent counselor, while you brothers would be reunited. Would that not be a fine thing? Please go to him at once.” Zhuge Jin said, “Since coming to Jiangdong, I am ashamed that I have accomplished nothing at all. Now that the Commander-in-Chief has given me an order, how could I dare not exert myself?” He immediately mounted his horse and rode straight to the posthouse to see Kongming. Kongming welcomed him inside, and the brothers bowed to each other in tears, each speaking of his feelings after their long separation.

Zhuge Jin said tearfully, “Younger brother, do you know of Boyi and Shuqi?” Kongming thought to himself, “Zhou Yu must have sent him here to persuade me.” He therefore answered, “Boyi and Shuqi were sages and worthies of ancient times.” Zhuge Jin said, “Though Boyi and Shuqi ultimately starved to death beneath Mount Shouyang, the two brothers at least remained together. You and I were born of the same parents and nursed at the same breast, yet we now serve different lords and cannot be together morning and evening. Compared with Boyi and Shuqi, can we feel no shame?” Kongming said, “What you have spoken of, elder brother, is affection; what I must uphold is righteousness. You and I are both men of Han. Liu Bei, the Imperial Uncle, is a descendant of the imperial house of Han. If you could leave Eastern Wu and join me in serving the Imperial Uncle, then above you would have no cause to be ashamed as a subject of Han, while we brothers of the same flesh and blood would also be reunited. That would be a plan fulfilling both affection and righteousness. I do not know what you think of it, elder brother.”

Zhuge Jin thought, “I came to persuade him, but instead he has persuaded me.” He therefore had no answer. He rose, took his leave, and returned to see Zhou Yu, to whom he gave a detailed account of Kongming’s words. Zhou Yu said, “What is your own opinion?” Zhuge Jin said, “I have received General Sun’s great favor. How could I ever turn my back on him?” Zhou Yu said, “Since you are loyal in serving your lord, there is no need to say more. I have my own plan for subduing Kongming.”

Indeed:

When wisdom meets wisdom, they should surely unite;Yet when talent contests talent, neither can endure the other.

What plan did Zhou Yu devise to subdue Kongming? Read the next chapter to find out.