Chapter 99

Zhuge Liang Routinely Defeats the Wei Army; Sima Yi Invades Western Shu

In the seventh year of Jianxing of the Han of Shu, in the fourth month of summer, Kongming’s army was at Mount Qi, divided among three camps, awaiting the Wei army.

Now Sima Yi led his army to Chang’an, where Zhang He met him and gave a full account of all that had happened. Yi appointed He vanguard and Dai Ling his deputy, and sent them with one hundred thousand troops to Mount Qi, where they encamped south of the Wei River. Guo Huai and Sun Li entered the camp and paid their respects. Yi asked, “Have you two yet faced the army of Shu in battle?” They replied, “We have not.” Yi said, “The soldiers of Shu have come a thousand miles, and their advantage lies in a swift battle. Yet now that they are here, they refuse to fight; they must have some design. Has any news come from the several routes through Longxi?” Huai said, “Our spies have already learned that every commandery is taking the utmost care, keeping watch day and night. Nothing else has occurred. Only Wudu and Yinping have not yet reported.” Yi said, “I shall send men of my own to engage Kongming. You two must hurry by the lesser roads to relieve those commanderies, then fall upon the rear of the Shu army. They are certain to fall into disorder.” The two accepted the plan and led five thousand troops by the lesser roads of Longxi to relieve Wudu and Yinping, intending then to strike the rear of the Shu army. On the way, Guo Huai said to Sun Li, “How does Zhongda compare with Kongming?” Li replied, “Kongming far surpasses Zhongda.” Huai said, “Though Kongming may be the better, this one plan is enough to show that Zhongda possesses extraordinary wisdom. If the Shu army is now attacking the two commanderies and we sweep down upon it from behind, how can it fail to fall into disorder?”

While they were speaking, a scout suddenly rode up and reported, “Yinping has already been taken by Wang Ping, and Wudu by Jiang Wei. The Shu army is not far ahead.” Li said, “Since the Shu troops have already taken the cities, why are they drawn up outside? There must be treachery here. We had better retreat at once.” Guo Huai agreed. Just as the order to withdraw was being passed, a cannon boomed, and from behind the mountain emerged a body of troops. Upon their banner were written in great characters: “Zhuge Liang, Chancellor of Han.” In the center was a four-wheeled carriage, upon which Kongming sat in solemn dignity, with Guan Xing on his left and Zhang Bao on his right. Sun Li and Guo Huai were greatly alarmed at the sight. Kongming laughed aloud and cried, “Guo Huai and Sun Li, do not flee! How could Sima Yi’s plan deceive me? Each day he sends men to engage me in front while ordering you to attack my rear. I have already taken Wudu and Yinping. Rather than surrender to me while there is still time, do you mean to drive your troops against me in battle?” At these words, Guo Huai and Sun Li were thrown into panic. Suddenly it was reported that behind them the cries of battle rose to the heavens: Wang Ping and Jiang Wei were leading troops against their rear. Guan Xing and Zhang Bao also brought troops against them from the front. Attacked from both sides, the Wei army suffered a crushing defeat. Guo Huai and Sun Li abandoned their horses and scrambled away over the mountains. Zhang Bao caught sight of them and spurred after them, but unexpectedly both horse and rider plunged into a ravine. The rear ranks hurriedly rescued him, but his head had been badly injured. Kongming ordered that he be sent back to Chengdu to recover.

Guo Huai and Sun Li escaped and returned to Sima Yi, saying, “The two commanderies of Wudu and Yinping have been lost. Kongming lay in ambush along the vital road and attacked us from front and rear. We therefore suffered a great defeat, and only by abandoning our horses and fleeing on foot did we escape.” Yi said, “The fault is not yours. Kongming’s wisdom was a step ahead of mine. Lead your troops once more to defend the two cities of Yong and Mei, and on no account offer battle. I have a plan of my own to defeat the enemy.” The two bowed and departed. Yi then summoned Zhang He and Dai Ling and instructed them: “Now that Kongming has taken Wudu and Yinping, he is certain to be soothing the people and winning their hearts, and so will not be in his camp. Each of you is to lead ten thousand picked troops, set out tonight, and circle around behind the army of Shu. Then charge forward together with all your might. I shall draw up my army in front and wait until the Shu forces fall into disorder; then I shall drive all my men and horses forward and storm their position. By joining the strength of our two armies, we can seize the Shu encampment. Once we possess the commanding ground here, what difficulty can there be in defeating the enemy?”

The two accepted the plan and led their troops away. Dai Ling took the left and Zhang He the right, each advancing by a lesser road until they had penetrated deep behind the army of Shu. At the third watch they reached the main road. The two forces met and joined together, then advanced against the rear of the Shu army. They had gone less than thirty li when the vanguard halted. Zhang He and Dai Ling rode forward to see what had happened and found several hundred carts loaded with grass drawn across the road. He said, “They must be prepared for us. We must turn back at once.” He had only just passed the order to retreat when fires suddenly blazed across every mountain and the thunder of drums shook the earth. Ambushing troops rushed out on all sides and surrounded them. From the heights of Mount Qi, Kongming called aloud, “Dai Ling and Zhang He, heed my words! Sima Yi supposed that I had gone to Wudu and Yinping to pacify the people and was absent from camp. He therefore sent you two to raid my encampment, but you have fallen into my trap. You are merely obscure and lowly officers, and I have no wish to kill you. Dismount and surrender at once!” Zhang He was enraged. Pointing at Kongming, he cursed him: “You rustic from the hills, you trespass upon the borders of our great realm, yet dare utter such words! If ever I take you, I shall cut your corpse into ten thousand pieces!” With that he spurred his horse, leveled his spear, and charged up the mountain. Arrows and stones rained down from above. Unable to ascend, He wheeled his horse, brandished his spear, and broke through the encirclement, with none daring to withstand him. The Shu troops had trapped Dai Ling at the very center of the ring. Once He had fought his way out, he saw that Dai Ling was missing. Summoning all his courage, he turned back and charged once more into the encirclement, rescued Dai Ling, and withdrew. From the mountain Kongming watched Zhang He charge back and forth amid ten thousand troops, his valor redoubled, and said to those around him, “I have often heard how Zhang Yide fought a great battle against Zhang He and how all who saw it trembled. Only today, seeing him myself, do I understand his courage. If this man is allowed to remain, he will surely become a scourge to Shu. I must eliminate him.” He then withdrew his troops and returned to camp.

Meanwhile Sima Yi had drawn up his forces in battle formation, waiting only for the Shu army to fall into disorder before launching a general attack. Suddenly he saw Zhang He and Dai Ling approaching in a sorry state. They reported, “Kongming had made all these preparations beforehand, and so we have returned in defeat.” Yi exclaimed in alarm, “Kongming is truly a divine man! We had better withdraw for the present.” He at once gave orders for the entire army to return to its own camp and hold fast without coming out.

Kongming, having won a great victory and captured more weapons and horses than could be counted, led his army back to camp. Every day he ordered Wei Yan to issue a challenge, but the Wei troops would not come out. For half a month in succession, no battle was fought. Kongming was in his tent discussing affairs when it was suddenly reported that Fei Yi, Palace Attendant and envoy of the Emperor, had arrived bearing an edict. Kongming received him into the camp, burned incense, and performed the proper rites. Then he opened the edict and read:

The loss of Jieting was due to Ma Su; yet you took the fault upon yourself and severely reduced your own rank. Reluctant as We were to oppose your wishes, We acceded to the resolve you had maintained. The year before last you displayed the might of our arms and struck off the head of Wang Shuang. This year you again took the field and put Guo Huai to flight. You brought the Di and Qiang tribes into submission and restored two commanderies. Your awe has shaken the violent rebels, and your achievements stand manifest. Today the realm is still in turmoil, and the chief villain has not yet been destroyed. You bear a great commission and sustain the weight of the state; for you to continue diminishing yourself is no way to glorify and advance our magnificent cause. We now restore you to the office of Chancellor. You must not refuse!

When Kongming had heard the edict, he said to Fei Yi, “The affairs of our state are not yet accomplished. How can I resume the office of Chancellor?” He firmly declined to accept it. Yi said, “If the Chancellor refuses the office, he will thwart the Son of Heaven’s will and dampen the hearts of the officers and soldiers. You should accept it for the present.” Only then did Kongming bow and accept. Fei Yi took his leave and departed.

Seeing that Sima Yi would not come out, Kongming devised a plan and issued orders for every camp to be struck. Spies reported to Sima Yi that Kongming was withdrawing. Yi said, “Kongming must have some great design. We must not move rashly.” Zhang He said, “He must be returning because his provisions are exhausted. Why should we not pursue him?” Yi replied, “By my reckoning, Kongming reaped a great harvest last year, and now the wheat has ripened again, so his grain and fodder are abundant. Though transport is difficult, he can still sustain himself for half a year. Why should he be willing to leave so soon? He sees that I have refused battle day after day and has contrived this scheme to lure me out. Send men to watch him from a distance.” The scouts returned and reported, “Kongming has pitched camp thirty li from here.” Yi said, “As I expected, Kongming has not left. Hold fast within the stockade and do not advance rashly.” Ten days passed without the least news, nor did any Shu general come to offer battle. Yi again sent scouts, who returned and said, “The Shu army has struck camp and gone.” Yi did not believe them. Changing his clothing, he mingled among the soldiers and went personally to investigate. He found that the Shu army had indeed withdrawn another thirty li and pitched camp. Returning to his own camp, Yi said to Zhang He, “This is a stratagem of Kongming’s. We must not pursue.”

After another ten days, Yi again sent scouts. They returned and reported, “The Shu army has withdrawn another thirty li and pitched camp.” He said, “Kongming is using a delaying stratagem and gradually retreating to Hanzhong. Why does the Commander harbor such doubts instead of pursuing him at once? I am willing to go and decide the matter in battle!” Yi said, “Kongming’s treacherous schemes are exceedingly numerous. If anything goes amiss, it will blunt the fighting spirit of our army. We must not advance rashly.” He said, “If I go and am defeated, I shall willingly submit to military law.” Yi replied, “Since you insist on going, we may divide the army into two forces. Lead one force ahead, and be sure to fight with all your strength, even unto death. I shall follow behind to support you and guard against ambush. Advance tomorrow and encamp midway; then engage the enemy the day after, so that your troops will not be exhausted.” The forces were accordingly divided. The next day, Zhang He and Dai Ling led several dozen subordinate officers and thirty thousand picked troops boldly forward and encamped midway. Sima Yi left a large body of soldiers and cavalry to guard the main camp, and followed with only five thousand picked troops.

Kongming had secretly sent men to reconnoiter and learned that the Wei troops had halted midway. That night he summoned the generals and said, “Now the Wei army is coming in pursuit, and it is certain to fight to the death. Each of you must be equal to ten. I intend to use an ambush to cut off their rear, but unless a general possesses both wisdom and courage, he cannot assume this task.” When he had spoken, he fixed his gaze upon Wei Yan. Yan lowered his head and said nothing. Wang Ping stepped forward and said, “I am willing to undertake it.” Kongming asked, “What if something goes wrong?” Ping replied, “I am willing to submit to military law.” Kongming sighed and said, “Wang Ping is willing to risk his life and brave the arrows and stones in person. He is truly a loyal minister! Even so, the Wei troops are advancing in two forces, one behind the other, and will cut off my ambushing troops between them. Though Ping possesses wisdom and courage, he can face only one end; how can he divide himself between two places? We must have another general to accompany him. Yet alas, there is no one else in the army willing to cast aside his life and take the lead!”

Before he had finished, a general stepped forward and said, “I am willing to go!” Kongming looked and saw that it was Zhang Yi. Kongming said, “Zhang He is a renowned general of Wei with courage to withstand ten thousand men. You are no match for him.” Yi replied, “If anything goes amiss, I am willing to present my head beneath your tent.” Kongming said, “Since you dare to go, you and Wang Ping may each lead ten thousand picked troops and lie in ambush among the mountain valleys. Wait until the Wei troops have pursued us and let every one of them pass; then lead your ambushing forces against them from behind. If Sima Yi follows in pursuit, divide your troops to face both ends: Zhang Yi is to lead one force against the rear column, while Wang Ping leads the other to cut off the van. Both forces must fight to the death. I have another plan to aid you.” The two accepted the plan and led their troops away.

Kongming then summoned Jiang Wei and Liao Hua and instructed them: “I give you this brocade bag. Lead three thousand picked troops, furl your banners, silence your drums, and lie concealed on the mountain ahead. If you see the Wei army surround Wang Ping and Zhang Yi and place them in desperate peril, do not go to their rescue. Simply open the brocade bag and read what is inside; there you will find a plan to relieve the danger.” The two accepted the plan and led their troops away. Kongming then summoned the four generals Wu Ban, Wu Yi, Ma Zhong, and Zhang Ni and whispered his orders in their ears: “When the Wei troops arrive tomorrow, their ardor will be at its height. Do not meet them at once, but fight as you retreat. The moment you see Guan Xing lead his troops out to sweep across the field, turn your forces around and pursue the enemy. I shall have troops ready to support you.” The four accepted the plan and led their troops away. Finally, Kongming summoned Guan Xing and instructed him: “Lead five thousand picked troops and lie in ambush in the mountain valley. Watch for the red banner to wave upon the mountain, then lead your troops out to attack.” Xing accepted the plan and led his troops away.

Zhang He and Dai Ling came forward at the head of their troops, swift as wind and rain. The four generals Ma Zhong, Zhang Ni, Wu Yi, and Wu Ban went out to meet them and engaged them in combat. Zhang He, in a fury, drove his troops forward in pursuit. The Shu troops fought as they retreated. The Wei army pursued for more than twenty li. It was the sixth month and fiercely hot; men and horses streamed with sweat as though drenched with water. By the time they had gone more than fifty li, all the Wei troops were gasping for breath. From the mountain Kongming waved the red banner, and Guan Xing led his troops out to attack. Ma Zhong and the other three generals simultaneously turned their troops and swept back upon the enemy. Zhang He and Dai Ling fought desperately and refused to retreat. Suddenly tremendous battle cries arose as two forces charged out: they were Wang Ping and Zhang Yi. Each pressed the attack with the utmost courage and cut off the enemy’s line of retreat. He cried to the other generals, “Now that you have come to this pass, if you do not fight to the death, what are you waiting for?” The Wei troops fought with all their strength to break through, but could not escape. Suddenly drums and horns thundered behind them as Sima Yi himself arrived with his picked troops. Yi directed his generals to surround Wang Ping and Zhang Yi at the very center of the battlefield. Yi cried aloud, “The Chancellor is truly a divine man! He calculated the whole plan beforehand and must have some excellent design. We must fight to the death!” The Shu troops immediately divided into two forces: Ping led one to hold off Zhang He and Dai Ling, while Yi led the other against Sima Yi. They fought desperately on both fronts, and the cries of battle shook the heavens. From the mountain Jiang Wei and Liao Hua looked down and saw that the Wei forces were powerful, while the Shu troops were in grave peril and gradually losing the strength to resist. Wei said to Hua, “The danger is desperate. We may now open the brocade bag and see the plan.” They opened it and read the words within: “If Sima Yi’s troops come and surround Wang Ping and Zhang Yi so closely that their peril becomes desperate, divide your men into two forces and strike directly at Sima Yi’s camp. Yi will be compelled to withdraw in haste. Take advantage of the confusion and attack him. Though you may not capture the camp, you will win a complete victory.” The two were overjoyed. They immediately divided their troops into two forces and made directly for Sima Yi’s camp.

Sima Yi himself had feared falling into Kongming’s trap and had kept men carrying reports to him all along the route. As he was urging on the battle, a courier on a fleet horse suddenly galloped up and reported that two bodies of Shu troops were heading directly for the main camp. Yi turned pale with alarm and said to his generals, “I knew Kongming had a stratagem, but you would not believe me and insisted on giving chase. Now you have ruined a great undertaking!” He immediately gathered his troops and hurried back. The soldiers fled in panic and disorder. Zhang Yi attacked them from behind, and the Wei army suffered a crushing defeat. Zhang He and Dai Ling, seeing themselves isolated, also fled along remote mountain paths, and the Shu army won a great victory. Guan Xing came up from the rear with troops to support the several forces. After his severe defeat, Sima Yi fled into camp, by which time the Shu troops had already withdrawn. Yi gathered the remnants of his beaten army and berated his generals: “You know nothing of the art of war and rely solely upon hot-blooded courage. By insisting upon battle, you have brought about this defeat. Henceforth no one is permitted to move rashly. If anyone again disobeys, military law will be enforced without mercy!” All withdrew in shame. In this battle an immense number of Wei soldiers were killed, and countless horses and weapons were abandoned.

Kongming led his victorious troops back into camp and was preparing to raise the army for a further advance when it was suddenly reported that someone had arrived from Chengdu with news of Zhang Bao’s death. When Kongming heard it, he burst into loud lamentation, spat blood from his mouth, and fell unconscious to the ground. Those around him revived him, but from that time forward Kongming was ill and could not rise from his bed. None among the generals failed to be deeply moved. A later poet lamented:

Fierce, valiant Zhang Bao sought to win renown;Alas, Heaven would not aid the heroic man!Marquis Wu shed tears into the western wind,Grieving that none remained to help him spend his all.

Ten days later, Kongming summoned Dong Jue, Fan Jian, and the others into his tent and instructed them: “I feel myself growing faint and cannot attend to affairs. We had better return to Hanzhong for the present, so that I may recover, and then devise a sound plan. On no account let the news escape. If Sima Yi learns of this, he will certainly attack.” He then issued orders for the camps to be struck secretly that night and for all the troops to return to Hanzhong. Kongming had been gone five days before Yi learned of it. He sighed deeply and said, “Kongming’s designs truly have the mystery of spirits and gods. I cannot equal him!” Sima Yi then left the generals in camp, dividing the troops to guard every strategic pass, while he himself led the army home.

Kongming stationed the main army at Hanzhong and returned to Chengdu to recover from his illness. The civil and military officials came out of the city to welcome him and escorted him to the Chancellor’s residence. The Latter Emperor himself came in his imperial carriage to inquire after his health and ordered the imperial physicians to treat him. Day by day Kongming recovered.

In the seventh month of autumn, in the eighth year of Jianxing, the Wei commander Cao Zhen recovered from his illness and submitted a memorial, saying, “The troops of Shu have repeatedly invaded our borders and made continual incursions into the Central Plains. If they are not exterminated, they will surely become a menace hereafter. Now the cool weather of autumn has arrived, and our men and horses are rested. This is the proper time for a campaign. I wish to lead a great army together with Sima Yi, march straight into Hanzhong, annihilate the traitorous faction, and cleanse our frontiers.” The Ruler of Wei was delighted and asked Palace Attendant Liu Ye, “Zidan urges Us to attack Shu. What do you think?” Ye memorialized, “The General-in-Chief’s words are correct. If Shu is not exterminated now, it will surely become a great menace hereafter. Your Majesty may proceed with the campaign.” Cao Rui nodded. When Ye had left the palace and returned home, a number of high ministers came to visit him and asked, “We hear that the Son of Heaven discussed with you the raising of troops to attack Shu. What do you think of the matter?” Ye replied, “There is no such matter. Shu is protected by perilous mountains and rivers and cannot easily be taken. It would merely exhaust our soldiers and horses and bring no benefit to the state.” The officials withdrew in silence. Yang Ji entered the palace and memorialized, “Yesterday I heard Liu Ye urge Your Majesty to attack Shu, yet today, in discussion with the ministers, he said that Shu must not be attacked. He is deceiving Your Majesty. Why not summon him and question him?” Rui immediately summoned Liu Ye and asked, “You urged Us to attack Shu, yet now say it cannot be attacked. Why?” Ye replied, “Having considered the matter closely, I believe Shu cannot be attacked.” Rui laughed aloud. A short while later, Yang Ji left the palace. Ye then memorialized, “Yesterday I urged Your Majesty to attack Shu. This is a great affair of state—how could it be recklessly disclosed to others? Warfare is the way of deception. Before the enterprise begins, it is essential to keep it secret.” Rui suddenly understood and said, “Your words are correct.” From that time on, he esteemed Liu Ye all the more highly.

Within ten days, Sima Yi came to court. The Ruler of Wei related to him, one by one, the matters set forth in Cao Zhen’s memorial. Yi memorialized, “By my reckoning, Eastern Wu will not dare to move its armies. We may take advantage of this moment to attack Shu.” Rui immediately appointed Cao Zhen Grand Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of the Western Expedition, Sima Yi General-in-Chief and Deputy Commander of the Western Expedition, and Liu Ye military adviser. The three bowed farewell to the Ruler of Wei and led a great army of four hundred thousand men to Chang’an, then headed directly toward the Sword Pass to seize Hanzhong. Guo Huai, Sun Li, and the others each advanced by a separate route.

Men from Hanzhong carried the news to Chengdu. By this time Kongming had long since recovered from his illness. Every day he drilled his troops and trained them in the methods of the Eight Formations until all were thoroughly proficient, for he intended to seize the Central Plains. Upon hearing the news, he summoned Zhang Ni and Wang Ping and instructed them: “You two are to lead one thousand troops ahead and guard the old road to Chencang against the Wei army. I shall follow shortly with the main force to support you.” The two said, “Reports say the Wei army numbers four hundred thousand, while it falsely claims eight hundred thousand, and its power and prestige are immense. How can we be sent with only one thousand troops to guard the pass? If the great Wei army arrives, how are we to withstand it?” Kongming said, “I would give you more, but I fear the soldiers would suffer needless hardship.” Zhang Ni and Wang Ping looked at one another, neither daring to depart. Kongming said, “If anything goes amiss, the fault will not be yours. Say no more, but go at once.” The two pleaded again, “If the Chancellor wishes to kill us, then we beg to be executed here. We dare not go.” Kongming laughed and said, “How foolish you are! Since I order you to go, I naturally have a reason. Last night I looked up and observed the heavens. I saw the Bi mansion moving through the domain of the Great Yin, which means that torrential rain is certain to fall within this month. Though the Wei army has four hundred thousand men, how will it dare penetrate deeply into a land of steep and dangerous mountains? That is why you need no great body of troops; you will certainly suffer no harm. I shall keep the main army at ease in Hanzhong for one month. When the Wei army retreats, I shall swiftly bring out the main force and fall upon it. By awaiting the weary in comfort, my hundred thousand men can defeat Wei’s four hundred thousand.” Hearing this, the two were overjoyed. They bowed farewell and departed. Kongming then led the main army out of Hanzhong and sent orders to every strategic pass to prepare dry firewood, fodder, and fine grain, enough to sustain men and horses for one month as protection against the autumn rains. He granted the main army a month’s respite, first issuing clothing and provisions while the troops awaited the campaign.

Cao Zhen and Sima Yi led the great army directly into the city of Chencang, where they found not a single house standing. When they sought out local people and questioned them, all said that Kongming had set fire to the city and destroyed it when he withdrew. Cao Zhen wished to advance at once along the Chencang road. Yi said, “We must not advance rashly. Last night I observed the heavens and saw the Bi mansion moving through the domain of the Great Yin. There is certain to be heavy rain within this month. If we penetrate deeply into this vital region and win, all will be well; but if any mishap occurs, our men and horses will suffer, and withdrawal will be difficult. We should first build shelters within the city and encamp here against the coming rains.” Zhen followed his advice. Before half a month had passed, heavy rain began to fall and continued without cease. Outside Chencang, the water stood three feet deep upon the level ground. All the army’s weapons and equipment were soaked; the men could not sleep and had no peace by day or night. The heavy rain fell for thirty consecutive days. The horses had no fodder, and countless numbers died, while the soldiers’ complaints never ceased. When news reached Luoyang, the Ruler of Wei erected an altar and prayed for clear weather, but without result. Wang Su, Gentleman Attendant of the Yellow Gate, submitted this memorial:

The ancient records say: “When provisions are carried a thousand li, the soldiers show the pallor of hunger; when wood and grass must first be gathered before the cooking fires are lit, the army never eats its fill before nightfall.” This was said of armies marching over level roads. How much more arduous must it be when an army penetrates deep into dangerous and obstructed country and must cut roads as it advances? Its labors must be a hundredfold greater. Now, in addition, there are unending rains; the mountain slopes are steep and slippery, the crowded troops have no room to deploy, and the distant supply lines cannot be maintained. These are grave prohibitions in the conduct of war. I hear that Cao Zhen set forth more than a month ago, yet has traversed only half the valley. The labor of opening the roads is immense, and all the fighting men are employed in it. Thus the enemy alone enjoys the advantage of awaiting the weary in comfort, a situation dreaded by every master of war. To speak of former ages: when King Wu campaigned against Zhou, he went forth from the pass and then returned. To speak of more recent events: Emperors Wu and Wen campaigned against Sun Quan, yet reached the river and did not cross. Were these not men who obeyed Heaven, understood the proper time, and were masters of adaptation? I pray that Your Majesty consider the grievous hardships caused by flood and rain and grant the soldiers rest. If an opportunity arises hereafter, they may be employed at the proper moment. This is what is meant by saying that when men gladly brave hardship, they forget the danger of death.

The Ruler of Wei read the memorial and was hesitating when Yang Fu and Hua Xin also submitted memorials of remonstrance. The Ruler of Wei immediately issued an edict and sent an envoy commanding Cao Zhen and Sima Yi to return to court.

Cao Zhen consulted with Sima Yi, saying, “The overcast skies and rain have now continued for thirty days. The army has no heart for battle, and every man longs to return home. How can they be restrained?” Yi said, “We had better withdraw for the present.” Zhen said, “But if Kongming pursues us, how are we to retreat?” Yi replied, “We must first place two forces in ambush to cover our rear; only then can the army withdraw.” While they were still discussing the matter, the imperial envoy arrived with the summons. The two therefore made the vanguard of the great army its rear guard and the rear guard its vanguard, then withdrew slowly.

Kongming calculated that the month of autumn rain was nearly over, though the sky had not yet cleared. He personally led one force to encamp at Chenggu and sent orders for the main army to assemble and take up its station at Chipo. Ascending his command seat, Kongming summoned the generals and said, “By my reckoning, the Wei army is certain to withdraw, and the Ruler of Wei will surely send an edict recalling Cao Zhen and Sima Yi. If I pursue them, they will certainly be prepared. We had better let them go for the present and devise a sound plan later.” Suddenly Wang Ping sent a man to report that the Wei army had already withdrawn. Kongming instructed the messenger to tell Wang Ping not to pursue or attack, for he had a plan of his own to defeat the Wei army. Thus it was:

Though Wei’s commanders may lay ambushes deep,The Chancellor of Han declines pursuit.

How Kongming would defeat Wei remains unknown; read on in the next chapter.

Zhuge Liang Routinely Defeats the Wei Army; Sima Yi Invades Western Shu

In the seventh year of Jianxing of Shu-Han, in the fourth month of summer, Kongming’s army was at Mount Qi, divided among three camps, waiting exclusively for the Wei army.

Meanwhile, Sima Yi led his army to Chang’an, where Zhang He received him and gave a full account of what had happened. Sima Yi appointed Zhang He as vanguard and Dai Ling as his deputy, ordering them to lead one hundred thousand troops to Mount Qi and establish a camp south of the Wei River. Guo Huai and Sun Li entered the camp to pay their respects. Sima Yi asked, “Have you two ever faced the Shu army in battle?” They replied, “No, we have not.” Sima Yi said, “The Shu army has come a thousand miles and stands to gain from a swift battle. Yet now that it is here, it refuses to fight, so it must have some scheme. Has there been any news from the various routes through Longxi?” Guo Huai said, “Our agents have already learned that all the commanderies are taking the utmost care, guarding day and night, and nothing else has happened. Only Wudu and Yinping have not yet reported.” Sima Yi said, “I will send men to engage Kongming in battle. You two must hurry by the minor roads to relieve those two commanderies, then strike the Shu army from behind. It is certain to fall into disorder.” The two accepted the plan and led five thousand troops along the minor roads through Longxi to relieve Wudu and Yinping, intending to attack the rear of the Shu army. On the way, Guo Huai said to Sun Li, “How does Zhongda compare with Kongming?” Sun Li replied, “Kongming is far superior to Zhongda.” Guo Huai said, “Though Kongming may be superior, this one plan is enough to show that Zhongda possesses extraordinary wisdom. If the Shu army is now attacking the two commanderies and we suddenly strike from behind, how can it fail to fall into disorder?”

While they were still speaking, a scout suddenly rode up and reported, “Yinping has already been taken by Wang Ping, and Wudu has already been taken by Jiang Wei. The Shu army is not far ahead.” Sun Li said, “Since the Shu army has already taken the cities, why has it deployed troops outside them? There must be some trick. We had better retreat at once.” Guo Huai agreed. Just as the order to withdraw was being given, a cannon boomed, and a force emerged from behind the mountain. Its banner bore the great words “Zhuge Liang, Chancellor of Han.” In the center was a four-wheeled carriage, with Kongming seated upright upon it; Guan Xing stood on his left and Zhang Bao on his right. Sun Li and Guo Huai were greatly alarmed at the sight. Kongming laughed loudly and cried, “Guo Huai and Sun Li, do not run! How could Sima Yi’s plan deceive me? Each day he sends men to engage me at the front while ordering you to attack my rear. I have already taken Wudu and Yinping. Instead of coming promptly to surrender, do you mean to lead your troops into a decisive battle with me?” When Guo Huai and Sun Li heard this, they panicked. Suddenly, they were told that battle cries were shaking the heavens behind them as Wang Ping and Jiang Wei led troops in from the rear. At the same time, Guan Xing and Zhang Bao attacked from the front. Assailed from both sides, the Wei army suffered a crushing defeat. Guo Huai and Sun Li abandoned their horses and fled up the mountain on foot. Zhang Bao caught sight of them and spurred after them, but unexpectedly both he and his horse plunged into a ravine. The rear ranks hurried to rescue him, but his head had been split open in the fall. Kongming had him sent back to Chengdu to recover.

Guo Huai and Sun Li escaped and returned to report to Sima Yi: “The two commanderies of Wudu and Yinping have been lost. Kongming lay in ambush along the vital road and attacked us from front and rear. We therefore suffered a great defeat and escaped only by abandoning our horses and fleeing on foot.” Sima Yi said, “The fault is not yours. Kongming’s wisdom is ahead of mine. Lead your troops once more to guard the two cities of Yong and Mei, and under no circumstances give battle. I have my own plan for defeating the enemy.” The two bowed and departed. Sima Yi then summoned Zhang He and Dai Ling and instructed them: “Now that Kongming has taken Wudu and Yinping, he is certain to be pacifying the people and settling their minds, so he will not be in his camp. Each of you is to lead ten thousand elite troops and set out tonight, circle behind the Shu army, and attack together with all your might. I will deploy my army at the front and wait until the Shu troops fall into disorder; then I will drive my entire force forward and attack. By combining our two armies, we can seize the Shu camp. Once we control the terrain here, how difficult can it be to defeat the enemy?”

The two accepted the plan and led their troops away. Dai Ling took the left and Zhang He the right. Each advanced by a minor road and penetrated deep behind the Shu army. During the third watch, they reached a main road. The two forces met and joined together, then advanced to attack the Shu army from behind. Before they had gone thirty li, the vanguard came to a halt. Zhang He and Dai Ling rode forward to see for themselves and found several hundred carts loaded with straw blocking the road. Zhang He said, “There must be preparations in place. We must quickly turn back the way we came.” The order to retreat had only just been given when firelight suddenly blazed across the mountains, drums thundered, and hidden troops emerged on every side, surrounding the two commanders. From atop Mount Qi, Kongming called loudly, “Dai Ling and Zhang He, listen to me! Sima Yi reckoned that I had gone to Wudu and Yinping to pacify the people and would not be in camp, so he sent you two to raid my camp. Instead, you have fallen into my plan. You are merely obscure subordinate generals. I will not kill you. Dismount and surrender at once!” Zhang He flew into a rage, pointed at Kongming, and cursed him: “You are nothing but a rustic from the mountains, yet you invade the borders of our great state! How dare you say such things? If I capture you, I will tear your body into ten thousand pieces!” With that, he spurred his horse, leveled his spear, and charged up the mountain. Arrows and stones rained down from above. Unable to ascend the mountain, Zhang He wheeled his horse, brandished his spear, and broke through the encirclement, with no one daring to stand against him. Meanwhile, the Shu troops trapped Dai Ling at the center of the ring. After fighting his way out, Zhang He saw that Dai Ling was missing, so he courageously turned back and charged once more into the encirclement, rescued Dai Ling, and withdrew. From the mountain, Kongming watched Zhang He charge back and forth through an army of ten thousand, displaying extraordinary valor. He said to those beside him, “I have often heard how Zhang Yide fought a great battle against Zhang He, and how everyone feared him. Only after seeing him today do I understand his courage. If this man is allowed to remain alive, he will certainly become a menace to Shu. I must eliminate him.” He then withdrew his troops to camp.

Meanwhile, Sima Yi had deployed his army in battle formation and was waiting only for the Shu troops to fall into disorder so that he could attack them all at once. Suddenly, Zhang He and Dai Ling appeared in a battered state and reported, “Kongming had already made preparations against this very move, and so we suffered a great defeat and returned.” Sima Yi was greatly alarmed and said, “Kongming truly is a godlike man! We had better withdraw for now.” He immediately gave orders for the whole army to return to its main camp and hold fast without coming out.

After his great victory, Kongming captured more equipment and horses than could be counted and led his army back to camp. Every day he ordered Wei Yan to issue a challenge, but the Wei army would not come out. For half a month there was no battle. Kongming was discussing affairs in his command tent when it was suddenly reported that Fei Yi, an Attendant in the Imperial Secretariat, had arrived with an edict from the Emperor. Kongming received him into the camp, burned incense, completed the proper ceremonies, and opened the edict to read:

The loss of Jieting was Ma Su’s fault, yet you took the blame upon yourself and severely reduced your own rank. Reluctant to oppose your wishes, We consented to what you insisted upon. The year before last, you displayed the might of our army and took Wang Shuang’s head. This year, you went on campaign and sent Guo Huai fleeing. You won the submission of the Di and Qiang peoples and restored the two commanderies. Your authority has shaken the violent enemy, and your accomplishments are plainly evident. The realm is now in turmoil, and the chief villains have not yet been destroyed. You bear a great responsibility and serve as a pillar of the state. For you to continue diminishing yourself does not glorify our magnificent cause. We now restore you to the office of Chancellor. You must not refuse!

After hearing the edict, Kongming said to Fei Yi, “The affairs of our state remain unfinished. How can I resume the office of Chancellor?” He firmly declined to accept it. Fei Yi said, “If the Chancellor refuses the office, you will go against the Emperor’s wishes and dampen the spirits of the officers and soldiers. You should accept it for the time being.” Only then did Kongming bow and accept. Fei Yi took his leave and departed.

Seeing that Sima Yi would not come out, Kongming devised a plan and ordered every camp to be struck and moved. An agent reported to Sima Yi that Kongming was withdrawing. Sima Yi said, “Kongming must have some major scheme. We must not move rashly.” Zhang He said, “He must be returning because his provisions are exhausted. Why should we not pursue him?” Sima Yi said, “By my reckoning, Kongming had a great harvest last year, and this year’s wheat has now ripened, so his grain and fodder are abundant. Although transportation is difficult, he can still hold out for half a year. Why would he leave so soon? He sees that I have refused battle day after day, so he has devised this plan to lure me out. Send men to observe him from a distance.” The scouts investigated and returned to report, “Kongming has established camp thirty li from here.” Sima Yi said, “As I expected, Kongming is not leaving. Hold firmly within the camp defenses and do not advance rashly.” Ten days passed without any news, and no Shu general appeared to challenge them. Sima Yi again sent scouts to investigate. They returned and reported, “The Shu army has broken camp and gone.” Sima Yi did not believe them. He changed his clothes, mingled with the soldiers, and personally went to look. Sure enough, he saw that the Shu army had withdrawn another thirty li and established camp again. Returning to camp, Sima Yi said to Zhang He, “This is one of Kongming’s schemes. We must not pursue him.”

After another ten days, Sima Yi again sent men to scout. They returned and reported, “The Shu army has withdrawn another thirty li and set up camp.” Zhang He said, “Kongming is using a delaying tactic and gradually withdrawing to Hanzhong. Why does the Commander remain suspicious instead of pursuing him at once? I am willing to go and fight a decisive battle!” Sima Yi said, “Kongming has countless devious schemes. If anything goes wrong, it will blunt the fighting spirit of our army. We must not advance rashly.” Zhang He said, “If I go and am defeated, I will willingly submit to military law.” Sima Yi said, “Since you insist on going, we may divide the army into two forces. You will lead one force ahead and must fight with all your strength, even to the death. I will follow behind to support you and guard against ambush. Advance tomorrow and establish camp halfway there, then fight on the following day, so that your troops will not be exhausted.” The forces were then divided. The next day, Zhang He and Dai Ling led several dozen deputy commanders and thirty thousand elite troops courageously forward, stopping halfway to establish camp. Sima Yi left a large force to guard the main camp and personally led only five thousand elite troops after them.

Kongming had secretly sent men to scout, and they saw that the Wei army had halted midway. That night, Kongming summoned his commanders to discuss the matter and said, “Now that the Wei army has come in pursuit, it is certain to fight to the death. Each of you must be equal to ten men. I will use an ambush to cut off its rear, but no one lacking both wisdom and courage can undertake this task.” When he had finished, he looked toward Wei Yan. Wei Yan lowered his head and said nothing. Wang Ping stepped forward and said, “I am willing to undertake it.” Kongming asked, “What if something goes wrong?” Wang Ping replied, “I am willing to submit to military law.” Kongming sighed and said, “Wang Ping is willing to sacrifice himself and personally face arrows and stones. He is truly a loyal minister! Even so, the Wei army is approaching in two forces, one behind the other, and will cut off my ambushing troops in the middle. However wise and courageous Wang Ping may be, he can only face one end of the enemy. How can he divide himself between two places? It would be best to have another commander accompany him. Unfortunately, there is no one else in the army willing to risk death and lead the way!”

Before he had finished speaking, a commander stepped forward and said, “I am willing to go!” Kongming looked and saw that it was Zhang Yi. Kongming said, “Zhang He is a renowned general of Wei, with courage that ten thousand men cannot withstand. You are no match for him.” Zhang Yi said, “If anything goes wrong, I am willing to offer my head beneath your command tent.” Kongming said, “Since you dare to go, you and Wang Ping may each lead ten thousand elite troops and lie in ambush in the mountain valleys. Wait until the Wei army has pursued us and let every last man pass. Then lead your hidden troops out and attack from behind. If Sima Yi follows in pursuit, divide your forces to face both ends: Zhang Yi will lead one force to hold off the rear column, while Wang Ping will lead one force to cut off the forward column. Both forces must fight to the death. I have another plan of my own to aid you.” The two accepted the plan and led their troops away.

Kongming then summoned Jiang Wei and Liao Hua and instructed them: “I give the two of you one silk pouch. Lead three thousand elite troops, lower your banners, silence your drums, and lie in ambush on the mountain ahead. If you see the Wei army surround Wang Ping and Zhang Yi and their danger becomes extreme, do not go to rescue them. Simply open the silk pouch and read what is inside. It contains a plan to resolve the crisis.” The two accepted the plan and led their troops away. Kongming next summoned Wu Ban, Wu Yi, Ma Zhong, and Zhang Ni and whispered his instructions into their ears: “When the Wei army arrives tomorrow, its fighting spirit will be at its height, so do not engage it at once. Fight as you withdraw. The moment you see Guan Xing lead his troops out to strike the enemy formation, turn your armies around and attack. I will have troops ready to support you.” The four commanders accepted the plan and led their troops away. Kongming then summoned Guan Xing and instructed him: “Lead five thousand elite troops and lie in ambush in the mountain valley. As soon as you see the red banner wave on the mountain, lead your troops out to attack.” Guan Xing accepted the plan and led his troops away.

Meanwhile, Zhang He and Dai Ling led their army forward with the speed of driving wind and rain. Ma Zhong, Zhang Ni, Wu Yi, and Wu Ban met them, rode out, and engaged them in battle. Zhang He flew into a rage and drove his troops forward in pursuit. The Shu troops fought as they withdrew. The Wei army pursued them for more than twenty li. It was the sixth month, and the weather was intensely hot; men and horses streamed with sweat as though drenched in water. By the time they had gone more than fifty li, all the Wei troops were gasping for breath. From atop the mountain, Kongming waved the red banner, and Guan Xing led his troops out to attack. Ma Zhong and the other three commanders all turned their forces around and attacked. Zhang He and Dai Ling fought to the death and refused to retreat. Suddenly, tremendous battle cries arose as two forces emerged. They were led by Wang Ping and Zhang Yi. Both attacked courageously and cut off the Wei army’s route of retreat. Zhang He shouted to the other commanders, “Now that you have come this far, if you do not fight to the death, what are you waiting for?” The Wei troops charged with all their strength but could not break free. Suddenly, drums and horns shook the heavens behind them as Sima Yi personally arrived with his elite troops. He directed his commanders to surround Wang Ping and Zhang Yi in the center. Zhang Yi cried out, “The Chancellor truly is a godlike man! He calculated everything in advance and must have an excellent plan. We must fight to the death!” They immediately divided their troops into two forces. Wang Ping led one to block Zhang He and Dai Ling, while Zhang Yi led the other to resist Sima Yi with all his strength. They fought desperately on both sides, and cries of battle shook the heavens. Jiang Wei and Liao Hua watched from the mountain. Seeing the great strength of the Wei army and the peril of the Shu troops, who were gradually becoming unable to hold out, Jiang Wei said to Liao Hua, “The danger is now extreme. We should open the silk pouch and see the plan.” The two opened it and read the message inside: “If Sima Yi’s troops come and press Wang Ping and Zhang Yi with a tight encirclement, divide your men into two forces and go directly to attack Sima Yi’s camp. Sima Yi will certainly retreat in haste. Take advantage of the disorder and attack him. Though you may not capture the camp, you will win a complete victory.” The two were overjoyed. They immediately divided their troops into two forces and headed straight for Sima Yi’s camp.

Sima Yi had also feared falling into one of Kongming’s schemes, so throughout the march he had continually ordered messengers to bring him reports. Just as he was pressing the attack, a courier on a swift horse suddenly raced up and reported that two Shu forces were heading straight for the main camp. Sima Yi turned pale with alarm and said to his commanders, “I knew Kongming had a plan, but none of you believed me and insisted on pursuing him. Now you have jeopardized a vital matter!” He immediately gathered his troops and hurried back. The army lost heart and fled in disorder. Zhang Yi attacked from behind, inflicting a crushing defeat on the Wei army. Seeing themselves isolated, Zhang He and Dai Ling also fled along a remote mountain path. The Shu army won a great victory. Guan Xing brought troops up from the rear to support the forces on every route. After suffering this great defeat, Sima Yi fled back into his camp, but by then the Shu troops had already withdrawn. Sima Yi gathered his defeated troops and berated his commanders: “You understand nothing of the art of war and rely only on hot-blooded courage. You insisted on giving battle and brought about this defeat. From now on, no one is permitted to act recklessly. If anyone disobeys again, military law will be carried out without mercy!” All the commanders withdrew in shame. In this battle, an enormous number of Wei soldiers were killed, and countless horses and pieces of equipment were abandoned.

Kongming led his victorious troops back into camp and was preparing to raise the army for a further advance when it was suddenly reported that someone had arrived from Chengdu with news that Zhang Bao had died. When Kongming heard this, he burst into loud weeping, spat blood from his mouth, and collapsed unconscious to the ground. Those around him revived him, but from that time onward Kongming fell ill and remained bedridden. All the commanders were deeply moved. A later poet lamented:Valiant Zhang Bao sought to win renown,But Heaven, alas, would not aid the hero!Marquis Wu shed tears into the western wind,Grieving that no one remained to help him give his all.

Ten days later, Kongming summoned Dong Jue, Fan Jian, and the others into his command tent and instructed them: “I feel my mind growing dim and cannot manage affairs. It would be better for us to return to Hanzhong for now so that I may recover, and then make further plans. You must not let word of this leak out. If Sima Yi learns of it, he will certainly attack.” He then issued orders for the camps to be quietly struck that night and for everyone to return to Hanzhong. Kongming had been gone for five days before Sima Yi finally learned of it. Sima Yi sighed deeply and said, “Kongming truly has plans by which he appears and vanishes like a god or a ghost. I cannot equal him!” Sima Yi then left his commanders in the camps, divided his troops to guard all the strategic passes, and personally led the rest of the army home.

Kongming stationed the main army in Hanzhong and returned to Chengdu to recover. The civil and military officials went outside the city to welcome him and escorted him to the Chancellor’s residence. The Latter Emperor personally came in his imperial carriage to inquire after his health and ordered the imperial physicians to treat him. Day by day, Kongming gradually recovered.

In the seventh month of autumn in the eighth year of Jianxing, the Wei commander Cao Zhen recovered from his illness and submitted a memorial saying: “The Shu army has invaded our borders several times and repeatedly encroached upon the Central Plains. If it is not destroyed, it will certainly become a future menace. The autumn weather is now cool, and our men and horses are rested. This is the proper time for a campaign. I am willing to join Sima Yi in leading a great army directly into Hanzhong, annihilate the treacherous faction, and secure our frontier.” The ruler of Wei was delighted and asked Liu Ye, an Attendant in the Imperial Secretariat, “Zidan urges me to attack Shu. What do you think?” Liu Ye replied, “The Grand General is correct. If Shu is not destroyed now, it will certainly become a grave future threat. Your Majesty should proceed.” Cao Rui nodded. Liu Ye left the palace and returned home, where a group of senior ministers came to visit him. They asked, “We heard that the Son of Heaven discussed raising an army to attack Shu with you. What do you think of this?” Liu Ye replied, “There is no such matter. Shu is protected by perilous mountains and rivers and cannot easily be conquered. It would only waste the efforts of our troops and horses and bring no benefit to the state.” The officials withdrew in silence. Yang Ji entered the palace and reported, “Yesterday I heard Liu Ye urge Your Majesty to attack Shu, but today, when discussing the matter with the other ministers, he said Shu must not be attacked. He is deceiving Your Majesty. Why not summon him and question him?” Cao Rui immediately summoned Liu Ye and asked, “You urged me to attack Shu, but now you say it must not be attacked. Why?” Liu Ye said, “After considering the matter closely, I believe Shu cannot be attacked.” Cao Rui laughed loudly. A short while later, Yang Ji left the palace. Liu Ye then said, “Yesterday I urged Your Majesty to attack Shu. This is a matter of great importance to the state. How could it be carelessly disclosed to others? Warfare is the way of deception. Before an operation begins, it must be kept completely secret.” Cao Rui suddenly understood and said, “You are right.” From then on, he respected Liu Ye even more.

Within ten days, Sima Yi came to court, and the ruler of Wei told him in detail about Cao Zhen’s memorial. Sima Yi said, “In my judgment, Eastern Wu will certainly not dare to mobilize its army. We should take this opportunity to attack Shu.” Cao Rui immediately appointed Cao Zhen Grand Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of the Western Expedition, Sima Yi Grand General and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Western Expedition, and Liu Ye military adviser. The three bowed in farewell to the ruler of Wei and led an army of four hundred thousand first to Chang’an, then headed directly toward Jiange to seize Hanzhong. Guo Huai, Sun Li, and the others each advanced by separate routes.

A messenger from Hanzhong carried the report to Chengdu. By this time, Kongming had long since recovered from his illness. Every day he drilled his troops and trained them in the methods of the Eight Formations until they had mastered them completely, for he intended to seize the Central Plains. When he heard this news, he summoned Zhang Ni and Wang Ping and instructed them: “You two are to lead one thousand troops ahead to defend the old Chencang road and hold off the Wei army. I will then bring the main army to support you.” The two replied, “Reports say the Wei army numbers four hundred thousand but claims to have eight hundred thousand, and its power and momentum are tremendous. How can we be given only one thousand troops to defend the pass? If the whole Wei army arrives, how are we to resist it?” Kongming said, “I would like to give you more men, but I fear the hardship it would cause the soldiers.” Zhang Ni and Wang Ping looked at each other, neither daring to go. Kongming said, “If anything goes wrong, the fault will not be yours. Say no more, but go quickly.” The two pleaded again, “If the Chancellor wishes to kill us, then please kill us here. We simply do not dare to go.” Kongming laughed and said, “How foolish you are! I have my own reasons for sending you. Last night, I looked up and observed the heavens. I saw the Bi star entering the domain of Taiyin. There will certainly be torrential rain within this month. Though the Wei army numbers four hundred thousand, how would it dare penetrate deeply into treacherous mountain country? For this reason, you do not need many troops and will certainly come to no harm. I will keep the main army comfortably quartered in Hanzhong for one month. Once the Wei army withdraws, I will swiftly lead the main force out to attack it. By waiting at ease for an exhausted enemy, my force of one hundred thousand can defeat Wei’s four hundred thousand.” After hearing this, the two were delighted. They bowed in farewell and departed. Kongming then led the main army out of Hanzhong and issued orders for every strategic pass to prepare dry firewood, fodder, and refined grain, enough to supply the men and horses for one month as a precaution against the autumn rains. He granted the main army one month before departure, providing clothing and food in advance while it waited to march.

Meanwhile, Cao Zhen and Sima Yi led the great army directly into the city of Chencang, where they found not a single building. They questioned local people, who all said that Kongming had set fire to the city and destroyed it when he withdrew. Cao Zhen wanted to advance at once along the Chencang road. Sima Yi said, “We must not advance rashly. Last night, I observed the heavens and saw the Bi star entering the domain of Taiyin. There will certainly be heavy rain within this month. If we penetrate deeply into important enemy territory, a victory would be well enough, but if anything goes wrong, our men and horses will suffer, and retreat will be difficult. We should build temporary shelters inside the city and remain here as a precaution against prolonged rain.” Cao Zhen followed his advice. Before half a month had passed, heavy rain began to fall without stopping. Outside Chencang, the water stood three feet deep on level ground. The weapons and equipment were soaked, the men could not sleep, and there was no peace day or night. The heavy rain continued for thirty days. The horses had no fodder, and countless numbers died. The soldiers complained without end. When news reached Luoyang, the ruler of Wei erected an altar and prayed for clear weather, but to no avail. Wang Su, Gentleman Attendant of the Yellow Gate, submitted a memorial:

An ancient record says: “When provisions are transported a thousand li, the soldiers show signs of hunger; when firewood must first be gathered before cooking, an army never eats its fill.” This refers only to armies marching across level ground. How much worse must the hardship be when an army penetrates deeply into dangerous terrain and must cut a road as it advances? The labor must be a hundred times greater. Now, in addition, there are prolonged rains. The mountain slopes are steep and slippery, the massed troops are cramped and cannot deploy, and the distant supply lines are difficult to maintain. These are truly among the greatest dangers of campaigning. I hear that Cao Zhen set out more than a month ago, yet has traveled only halfway through the valley. The work of opening the road is enormous, and all the fighting men have been put to labor. This gives the enemy the advantage of waiting at ease for an exhausted force, which military strategists greatly dread. To speak of former times, King Wu marched through the pass to attack Zhou but then turned back. To speak of more recent events, Emperors Wu and Wen campaigned against Sun Quan but halted at the river and did not cross. Did they not obey Heaven, understand the proper time, and adapt themselves to changing circumstances? I beg Your Majesty to consider the extreme hardship caused by the rain and floods and allow the soldiers to rest. When an opportunity arises later, they may be employed at the proper time. This is what is meant by saying that when the people gladly face danger, they forget the fear of death.

The ruler of Wei read the memorial and was still hesitating when Yang Fu and Hua Xin also submitted memorials urging him to stop the campaign. He immediately issued an edict and sent a messenger ordering Cao Zhen and Sima Yi to return to court.

Meanwhile, Cao Zhen consulted Sima Yi and said, “It has now rained continuously for thirty days. The army has no desire to fight, and every man longs to return home. How can we restrain them?” Sima Yi said, “We had better withdraw for now.” Cao Zhen said, “If Kongming comes in pursuit, how are we to retreat?” Sima Yi replied, “We must first place two forces in ambush to cover the rear. Only then can we withdraw.” While they were still discussing this, the imperial messenger arrived to recall them. The two therefore made the vanguard the rearguard and the rearguard the vanguard, then slowly withdrew.

Kongming calculated that the month of autumn rain was nearly over, though the sky had not yet cleared. He personally led a force to encamp at Chenggu and ordered the main army to assemble and station itself at Chipo. Kongming entered his command tent, summoned his commanders, and said, “By my reckoning, the Wei army will certainly withdraw, and the ruler of Wei must have issued an edict ordering Cao Zhen and Sima Yi to bring their troops home. If I pursue them, they will certainly be prepared. It is better to let them leave for now and make further plans later.” Suddenly, Wang Ping sent a messenger to report that the Wei army had already withdrawn. Kongming instructed the messenger to tell Wang Ping not to pursue or attack it, saying, “I have my own plan for defeating the Wei army.” Indeed:Though the Wei army may be skilled at laying ambushes,The Chancellor of Han has no intention of pursuing.How Kongming would defeat Wei remains unknown; read on to learn what happens next.