Chapter 60

Zhang Song Confounds Yang Xiu with Retorts; Pang Tong Proposes the Conquest of Western Shu

Now the man who offered Liu Zhang this plan was Zhang Song, styled Yongnian, the Assistant Inspector of Yizhou. He had a jutting forehead and pointed head, a flat nose and protruding teeth; he stood less than five feet tall, and his voice rang like a bronze bell. Liu Zhang asked, “What wise counsel have you, Assistant Inspector, to deliver us from the danger posed by Zhang Lu?” Zhang Song replied, “I have heard that Cao Cao at Xudu has swept the Central Plain clean. Lü Bu and both Yuans were destroyed by him, and recently he defeated Ma Chao as well. He has no equal beneath Heaven. My lord should prepare gifts for presentation, and I shall go personally to Xudu and persuade Cao Cao to raise an army against Hanzhong and deal with Zhang Lu. Then Zhang Lu will be too occupied resisting his enemy to dare cast another covetous eye upon Shu.” Liu Zhang was overjoyed. He gathered gold, pearls, brocades, and fine silks as gifts and dispatched Zhang Song as his envoy. Zhang Song secretly drew a map of the geography of Sichuan and concealed it on his person; then, accompanied by several mounted attendants, he took the road to Xudu. Word of this soon reached Jingzhou, and Kongming immediately sent men into Xudu to learn what was happening.

When Zhang Song reached Xudu, he took lodging at the posthouse. Every day he went to the Chancellor’s residence and waited, seeking an audience with Cao Cao. Since returning from his victory over Ma Chao, Cao Cao had grown haughty and complacent. He feasted and drank every day, seldom going out unless some matter arose, while affairs of state were all deliberated at the Chancellor’s residence. Zhang Song waited three days before he was finally permitted to submit his name. The attendants about Cao Cao first demanded bribes, and only then led him inside. Cao Cao was seated in the great hall. When Zhang Song had made his obeisance, Cao Cao asked, “Why has your lord Liu Zhang failed to send tribute these many years?” Zhang Song replied, “The roads are difficult, and marauding bandits are continually arising, so tribute could not be brought through.” Cao Cao rebuked him: “I have swept the Central Plain clean. What bandits remain?” Zhang Song said, “To the south stands Sun Quan, to the north Zhang Lu, and to the west Liu Bei. Even the least of them commands more than a hundred thousand armored men. How can this be called peace?”

Cao Cao had disliked Zhang Song from the first because of his mean appearance; now, hearing him speak so provocatively, he swept up his sleeves, rose, and withdrew into the rear hall. The attendants reproached Zhang Song, saying, “You are here on a diplomatic mission. Why do you know nothing of courtesy and speak only to give offense? Fortunately, the Chancellor has taken account of the great distance you have traveled and has not punished you. You had better return at once!” Zhang Song laughed. “In Sichuan we have no sycophants or flatterers.” Suddenly a man below the steps shouted, “You say there are no flatterers in Sichuan; are there, then, flatterers here in the Central Plain?”

Zhang Song looked at the man. He had a single sweep of eyebrow, narrow eyes, a fair complexion, and a clear, spirited bearing. On asking his name, Zhang Song learned that he was Yang Xiu, styled Dezu, son of Grand Commandant Yang Biao, and currently Registrar in charge of the stores among the Chancellor’s staff. He was a learned and eloquent man whose insight surpassed that of ordinary men. Zhang Song, knowing Yang Xiu to be skilled in debate, deliberately sought to confound him. Yang Xiu likewise prided himself on his talents and held the scholars of the realm in contempt. Hearing Zhang Song’s mocking words, he invited him to a study outside, where they took their seats according to the courtesies due host and guest. Yang Xiu said, “The roads of Shu are rugged. You must have suffered greatly on your long journey.” Zhang Song replied, “I came at my lord’s command. Though ordered to plunge into boiling water or tread through fire, I would not dare refuse.” Yang Xiu asked, “What are the land and customs of Shu like?” Zhang Song answered, “Shu lies in the western regions and was known in ancient times as Yizhou. Its roads are guarded by the perilous Jin River, and its lands adjoin the mighty fastness of Jiange. Its winding circuits extend over two hundred and eighty stages, and it measures more than thirty thousand li in every direction. The crowing of cocks and barking of dogs can be heard from village to village, and its towns and hamlets stretch on without break. Its soil is rich and fertile, and year after year it knows no anxiety from flood or drought. The state is wealthy, the people abundant, and music of pipes and strings is heard throughout the seasons. Its produce rises in plenty, piled as high as mountains. Nothing beneath Heaven can compare with it!”

Yang Xiu asked further, “And what of the men of talent in Shu?” Zhang Song replied, “In letters, we have the poetic genius of Sima Xiangru; in arms, the ability of the Wave-Quelling General Ma Yuan; in medicine, the skill of Zhang Zhongjing; and in divination, the reclusive wisdom of Yan Junping. Among the Nine Schools and Three Teachings, those who rise above their kind and stand foremost among their peers are too numerous to record, much less enumerate in full!” Yang Xiu asked again, “Among Liu Jiyu’s present subordinates, how many men are there like you?” Zhang Song replied, “Men accomplished in both letters and arms, endowed with wisdom and courage, loyal, righteous, bold, and generous, are numbered by the hundreds. As for men of small ability like myself, they could be measured by cartloads and bushels, too many to count.” Yang Xiu said, “What office do you presently hold?” Zhang Song replied, “I unworthily fill the post of Assistant Inspector and am most unequal to its duties. May I ask what office you hold at court?” Yang Xiu said, “I am currently Registrar in the Chancellor’s residence.” Zhang Song said, “I have long heard that your family has worn cap and sash for generations. Why do you not stand in the imperial hall and assist the Son of Heaven, instead of serving as a petty clerk beneath the Chancellor’s gate?”

At these words Yang Xiu’s face flushed with shame. Forcing himself to answer, he said, “Though I occupy a lowly post, the Chancellor has entrusted me with weighty responsibilities concerning military administration, money, and grain. Morning and evening I receive much instruction from him, and my understanding has been greatly enlarged. That is why I remain in this office.” Zhang Song laughed. “I have heard that Chancellor Cao, in civil matters, does not comprehend the Way of Confucius and Mencius, and in military matters has not mastered the strategies of Sun Wu and Wu Qi. He devotes himself solely to force and domination, yet occupies a lofty station. How could he offer instruction capable of enlarging the understanding of an illustrious gentleman such as yourself?” Yang Xiu said, “You dwell in a remote borderland. How can you know the Chancellor’s great talents? Let me show you.” He called to the attendants to take a scroll from a case and gave it to Zhang Song. Zhang Song looked at its title: The Mengde New Book. He read it through from beginning to end. It consisted of thirteen chapters, all setting forth essential methods of warfare.

When he had finished, Zhang Song asked, “What sort of book do you take this to be?” Yang Xiu replied, “The Chancellor composed it by weighing antiquity against the present, modeling it on the thirteen chapters of Master Sun. You have mocked the Chancellor as a man without talent; is this work not worthy to be handed down to posterity?” Zhang Song laughed loudly. “Even three-foot children in Shu can recite this book by heart. Why call it a ‘new book’? It was written by an unknown author in the Warring States period. Chancellor Cao stole it and claimed the ability as his own; he has succeeded only in deceiving you!” Yang Xiu said, “This is a book the Chancellor has kept secret. Though the manuscript has been completed, it has never circulated in the world. How can you claim that children in Shu recite it fluently? Why deceive me so?” Zhang Song replied, “If you do not believe me, let me recite it.” He then declaimed The Mengde New Book from beginning to end without missing a single word. Yang Xiu was astounded. “You never forget anything once you have seen it. Truly, you are a prodigious talent beneath Heaven!” A later poet wrote:

Strange and singular his form,Lofty and aloof his bearing.His speech poured forth like the Three Gorges’ waters;His eyes read ten lines at a glance.In courage he towered above western Shu;His literary brilliance pierced the boundless void.The Hundred Schools and all the Masters—One reading left him nothing more to learn.

Zhang Song now prepared to take his leave and return home. Yang Xiu said, “Remain at the posthouse a little longer. Allow me to report again to the Chancellor and obtain you an audience with His Majesty.” Zhang Song thanked him and withdrew. Yang Xiu went in to see Cao Cao and said, “Why did the Chancellor treat Zhang Song so slightingly just now?” Cao Cao replied, “His words were insolent, so I slighted him deliberately.” Yang Xiu said, “The Chancellor could once tolerate even Mi Heng. Why not receive Zhang Song?” Cao Cao replied, “Mi Heng’s writings were renowned throughout the age, and so I could not bear to kill him. What ability has Zhang Song?” Yang Xiu said, “Quite apart from his torrent-like eloquence and unfettered powers of debate, I showed him the Mengde New Book composed by the Chancellor. After reading it once, he could recite it from memory. Such breadth of learning and strength of memory are seldom found in this world. Zhang Song claims the book was written by an unknown author in the Warring States period and that every child in Shu knows it by heart.” Cao Cao said, “Can it be that an ancient writer’s thought secretly coincided with mine?” He ordered the book torn apart and burned. Yang Xiu said, “This man should be given an audience with His Majesty, so that he may behold the grandeur of the imperial court.” Cao Cao replied, “Tomorrow I shall review the troops at the western parade ground. You may take him there beforehand and let him witness the splendor of my army. Then he can return and report that as soon as I have subdued the Southlands, I shall come to take Sichuan.” Yang Xiu accepted the command.

The next day, Yang Xiu accompanied Zhang Song to the western parade ground. Cao Cao reviewed fifty thousand stalwart Tiger Guard soldiers drawn up across the field. Their helmets and armor shone brilliantly, their robes blazed with color; gongs and drums shook the heavens, while halberds and spears flashed in the sun. Companies were arrayed on every side; banners streamed in splendor, and men and horses seemed to leap into the sky. Zhang Song watched them sidelong. After a long while, Cao Cao summoned him, pointed to the host, and said, “Have you ever seen such heroic men in Sichuan?” Zhang Song replied, “In Shu we have never seen such instruments of war. We govern our people only through benevolence and righteousness.” Cao Cao’s expression changed as he glared at him, but Zhang Song showed no fear. Yang Xiu repeatedly signaled Zhang Song with his eyes. Cao Cao said to him, “I regard the vermin beneath Heaven as no more than weeds and chaff. Wherever my great army goes, it wins every battle and takes every fortress. Those who submit to me live; those who resist me die. Do you understand?” Zhang Song replied, “That wherever the Chancellor sends his army, he is sure to win every battle and take every fortress is something I have long known. There was the time you attacked Lü Bu at Puyang, and the day you fought Zhang Xiu at Wancheng; when you encountered young Zhou at Red Cliffs, and met Guan Yu at Huarong; when you cut off your beard and cast away your robe at Tong Pass, and seized a boat to escape the arrows on the Wei River—all these indeed prove that you are unequaled beneath Heaven.” Cao Cao flew into a rage. “How dare this pedantic wretch expose my failures!” He shouted for the attendants to drag Zhang Song out and behead him. Yang Xiu remonstrated: “Though Zhang Song may deserve death, he has come all the way from Shu to present tribute. If he is executed, I fear it will alienate those in distant lands.” Cao Cao’s anger did not subside. Xun Yu also remonstrated, and only then did Cao Cao spare Zhang Song’s life, ordering him instead to be beaten out with cudgels.

Zhang Song returned to the posthouse and left the city that very night, making ready to return to Sichuan. He reflected, “I originally intended to offer Cao Cao the prefectures and counties of western Sichuan, but who would have imagined he would treat a man with such contempt? Before Liu Zhang, I boasted greatly of what I would accomplish. If I return empty-handed and disgruntled today, the people of Shu will surely laugh at me. I have long heard that Liu Xuande of Jingzhou is renowned far and wide for benevolence and righteousness. I would do better to return by that road. I shall see what sort of man he is; then I will form my own judgment.” He mounted his horse and, leading his servants, rode toward the borders of Jingzhou. When he reached the frontier of Yingzhou, he suddenly saw a body of more than five hundred horsemen. At their head rode a great general, lightly armed and simply dressed, who reined in his horse and asked, “Can the traveler be none other than Assistant Inspector Zhang?” Zhang Song replied, “I am he.” The general hurriedly dismounted, saluted, and said, “Zhao Yun has been awaiting you for some time.” Zhang Song dismounted and returned the courtesy. “Can you be Zhao Zilong of Changshan?” Zhao Yun replied, “I am. My lord Liu Xuande, knowing that Your Excellency has traveled far and endured the hardships of the saddle, specifically ordered me to offer you a little wine and food.”

When he had spoken, the soldiers knelt and presented wine and food, which Zhao Yun respectfully offered to Zhang Song. Zhang Song thought, “Men say Liu Xuande is generous, humane, and devoted to his guests. Now I see it is true.” He drank several cups with Zhao Yun, then mounted and traveled alongside him. At the boundary of Jingzhou, night was falling. They came to a posthouse and found more than a hundred men standing in attendance outside its gate, beating drums to welcome them. A general saluted before Zhang Song’s horse and said, “By my elder brother’s command, and in consideration of Your Excellency’s long and dusty journey, I, Guan, have swept the posthouse courtyard and prepared it for your night’s rest.” Zhang Song dismounted and entered the posthouse with Guan Yunchang and Zhao Yun. After exchanging courtesies, they seated themselves according to rank. Soon wine and food were set out, and the two generals pressed them upon him with great attentiveness. They drank until deep into the night before ending the banquet and lodging there until morning.

The next day, after breakfast, they mounted and had gone no more than three or five li when they saw a cluster of men and horses approaching. It was Xuande himself, accompanied by Sleeping Dragon and Young Phoenix, coming in person to welcome Zhang Song. As soon as Xuande saw him in the distance, he dismounted and waited. Zhang Song also hurriedly dismounted to meet him. Xuande said, “I have long heard Your Excellency’s lofty reputation, which has thundered in my ears. I have only regretted that mountains and clouds lay so far between us that I could not receive your instruction. Now I hear you are returning home, and I have come especially to greet you. If you will not disdain me, I beg you to rest awhile in my barren province, that I may express how ardently I have longed to meet you. It would be my greatest good fortune.” Zhang Song was delighted. They mounted and rode side by side into the city. At the official residence, each performed the proper courtesies; host and guest took their appointed seats, and a banquet was laid to entertain him.

As they drank, Xuande spoke only of casual matters and never once mentioned western Sichuan. Zhang Song sought to draw him out, saying, “Now that the Imperial Uncle holds Jingzhou, how many commanderies does he possess?” Kongming replied, “Jingzhou is only borrowed temporarily from Eastern Wu, which repeatedly sends men to demand its return. Since my lord is the son-in-law of Eastern Wu, he is for the moment permitted to shelter here.” Zhang Song said, “Eastern Wu holds six commanderies and eighty-one districts. Its people are strong and its state wealthy. Is it still not satisfied?” Pang Tong said, “My lord is an Imperial Uncle of the Han, yet he cannot occupy even a province or commandery. All the others are vermin gnawing at the Han, yet they rely on force to seize territory. Every wise man must find this unjust.” Xuande said, “You two gentlemen must say no more. What virtue have I that I should dare hope for so much?” Zhang Song replied, “Not so. Illustrious sir, you are a kinsman of the Han imperial house, and your benevolence and righteousness fill all within the Four Seas. Let alone occupying provinces and commanderies—even if you succeeded the legitimate line and ascended the imperial throne, it would be no more than your due.” Xuande folded his hands and thanked him. “Your words go too far. How could Bei presume to deserve them?”

Thereafter Xuande detained Zhang Song for three days of continual feasting, yet never mentioned affairs in Sichuan. When Zhang Song took his leave, Xuande prepared a farewell banquet at the Long Pavilion, ten li outside the city. Raising a cup, Xuande poured wine for Zhang Song and said, “I am deeply grateful that Your Excellency did not disdain me and remained here three days in conversation. Now that we part, I do not know when I shall again receive your instruction.” Having spoken, tears streamed down his face. Zhang Song thought, “Xuande is so generous, humane, and devoted to worthy men—how can I abandon him? I would do better to tell him everything and have him take western Sichuan.” He therefore said, “I too long to attend you morning and evening; I regret only that I have had no opportunity. As I see it, Jingzhou has Sun Quan to the east, ever crouching like a tiger, and Cao Cao to the north, always eager to swallow it like a whale. This is not a place in which you can remain for long.” Xuande replied, “I know this well, but I have found nowhere else to establish myself.” Zhang Song said, “Yizhou is steep and strongly fortified, with a thousand li of fertile plains. Its people are numerous and its state wealthy. Its wise and able men have long admired the Imperial Uncle’s virtue. If you raise the armies of Jingzhou and Xiangyang and drive swiftly westward, you may establish a dominion and restore the House of Han.” Xuande said, “How could Bei presume to do such a thing? Liu of Yizhou is also a kinsman of the imperial house, and his beneficence has long been spread throughout Shu. How could an outsider hope to shake his rule?”

Zhang Song said, “I am not betraying my lord in pursuit of rank and glory. But now that I have encountered an illustrious man, I dare not fail to lay bare my heart. Though Liu Jiyu possesses the lands of Yizhou, he is by nature dim-witted and weak and cannot employ the worthy or make use of the able. Moreover, Zhang Lu lies to the north and constantly thinks of invading. The people’s hearts are divided, and they long for an enlightened lord. The sole purpose of my present journey was to offer submission to Cao Cao. Who could have expected that traitor, flaunting himself as a ruthless hero, to scorn the worthy and despise scholars? Therefore I came especially to see you, illustrious sir. First take western Sichuan as your foundation; then turn north against Hanzhong, recover the Central Plain, and restore the imperial court. Your name will endure in the histories, and no achievement could be greater. If you truly intend to take western Sichuan, I am willing to labor like a dog or horse and serve as your ally within. I do not know what your honored judgment may be.” Xuande replied, “I am deeply moved by your generous intention. But Liu Jiyu and I are of the same clan. If I attacked him, I fear all beneath Heaven would spit upon my name.” Zhang Song said, “A true man living in this world must strive to establish merit and accomplish a great enterprise, urging his horse ahead of all others. If you do not take it now, another will take it, and then regret will come too late.” Xuande said, “I have heard that the roads of Shu are rugged, crossing a thousand mountains and ten thousand streams; carts cannot travel abreast, nor horses ride side by side. Even if I wished to take it, what sound plan could I employ?”

From his sleeve Zhang Song took a map and handed it to Xuande, saying, “I am deeply moved by your magnificent virtue, illustrious sir, and venture to present you with this map. You need only examine it to understand the roads of Shu.” Xuande opened it slightly and looked. It recorded every geographical route and stage: distances and dimensions, mountains, rivers, strategic passes, treasuries, money, and grain—all were clearly marked. Zhang Song said, “You must act swiftly. I have two intimate and trusted friends, Fa Zheng and Meng Da. They will certainly be able to assist you. When they come to Jingzhou, you may discuss your intentions with them.” Xuande folded his hands in thanks. “The green hills shall never grow old, and the clear waters shall flow forever. When the enterprise is accomplished, I shall surely reward you richly.” Zhang Song replied, “Having encountered an enlightened lord, I could not withhold anything I knew. How could I dare hope for reward?” With that he took his leave. Kongming ordered Guan Yunchang and the others to escort him several dozen li before returning.

When Zhang Song returned to Yizhou, he first went to see his friend Fa Zheng. Fa Zheng, styled Xiaozhi, was a native of Youfufeng Commandery and the son of the worthy scholar Fa Zhen. Zhang Song related everything in detail, saying, “Cao Cao scorns worthy men and treats scholars with arrogance. He is a man with whom one may share adversity, but not prosperity. I have already promised Yizhou to the Imperial Uncle Liu, and I especially wished to discuss the matter with you.” Fa Zheng replied, “I have long judged Liu Zhang incapable and have desired for some time to meet the Imperial Uncle Liu. Since our minds are one, what doubt can remain?” Shortly afterward Meng Da arrived. Meng Da, styled Ziqing, came from the same district as Fa Zheng. Upon entering, he found Fa Zheng and Zhang Song speaking in secret. Meng Da said, “I already know what you two gentlemen intend. You mean to offer Yizhou, do you not?” Zhang Song replied, “That is indeed our intention. Try to guess—to whom should we offer it?” Meng Da said, “It can be none other than Liu Xuande.” The three clapped their hands and laughed heartily. Fa Zheng then said to Zhang Song, “When you see Liu Zhang tomorrow, what will you do?” Zhang Song replied, “I shall recommend you two gentlemen as envoys to Jingzhou.” Both agreed.

The next day, Zhang Song went to see Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang asked, “How did your mission fare?” Zhang Song replied, “Cao Cao is a traitor to the Han who seeks to usurp all beneath Heaven. Nothing can be discussed with him. He already intends to seize Sichuan.” Liu Zhang said, “If that is so, what are we to do?” Zhang Song replied, “I have a plan that will make both Zhang Lu and Cao Cao afraid to invade western Sichuan lightly.” Liu Zhang asked, “What plan?” Zhang Song replied, “The Imperial Uncle Liu in Jingzhou is of the same clan as my lord. He is benevolent, merciful, and magnanimous, with the bearing of a venerable elder. After the fierce battle at Red Cliffs, even Cao Cao’s courage fails at the sound of his name—how much more Zhang Lu’s? Why does my lord not send an envoy to form an alliance with him and make him our external support? Then we can resist Cao Cao and Zhang Lu.” Liu Zhang said, “I too have long entertained this thought. Who can serve as envoy?” Zhang Song replied, “None but Fa Zheng and Meng Da can undertake the mission.” Liu Zhang immediately summoned the two, wrote a letter, and appointed Fa Zheng as envoy to establish friendly relations. He next ordered Meng Da to lead five thousand picked soldiers to welcome Xuande into Sichuan as an ally.

While they were still deliberating, a man suddenly burst in from outside, his face streaming with sweat, and cried, “If my lord heeds Zhang Song’s words, all forty-one prefectures and commanderies will belong to another!” Zhang Song was greatly alarmed. Looking at the man, he saw Huang Quan, styled Gongheng, a native of Ba in western Langzhong and presently a Registrar in Liu Zhang’s service. Liu Zhang asked, “Xuande and I are of the same clan, and so I would make him my ally. Why do you speak in this way?” Huang Quan replied, “I have long known that Liu Bei treats men generously and can overcome hardness with gentleness. No hero can rival him. From afar he wins men’s hearts; near at hand he wins the people’s devotion. Moreover, he has the strategies of Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong, with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Huang Zhong, and Wei Yan as his wings. If you summon him into Shu and treat him as a subordinate commander, how could Liu Bei consent to humble himself and play the lesser man? If you treat him with the courtesies due a guest, one realm still cannot contain two masters. If you heed my words today, western Shu will be as secure as Mount Tai. If you do not, my lord’s peril will be that of eggs piled one atop another. Zhang Song passed through Jingzhou on his recent journey and must have conspired with Liu Bei. First execute Zhang Song, then sever relations with Liu Bei; that will be western Sichuan’s greatest good fortune.” Liu Zhang said, “If Cao Cao and Zhang Lu come against us, how are we to resist them?” Huang Quan replied, “Better to close the borders and seal the passes, dig deep moats, and raise high ramparts until peaceful times return.” Liu Zhang said, “The enemy is already threatening our borders; the danger is as urgent as fire singeing one’s eyebrows. To wait for peaceful times would be far too slow a plan.” He therefore rejected Huang Quan’s counsel and dispatched Fa Zheng.

Another man now tried to stop him, crying, “You must not! You must not!” Liu Zhang looked and saw Wang Lei, an Administrative Officer in his retinue. Wang Lei knocked his head upon the ground and said, “My lord, by listening to Zhang Song, you are bringing disaster upon yourself.” Liu Zhang replied, “Not so. I seek friendship with Liu Xuande solely to resist Zhang Lu.” Wang Lei said, “Zhang Lu’s incursions are no more than an itch of the skin; Liu Bei’s entry into Sichuan will be a mortal affliction of the heart and belly. Moreover, Liu Bei is a ruthless hero of the age. When he first served Cao Cao, he immediately plotted against him; later, when he joined Sun Quan, he seized Jingzhou. With a heart such as his, how can you dwell together? If you summon him now, western Sichuan is finished!” Liu Zhang rebuked him: “Say no more of this nonsense! Xuande and I are of the same clan. How could he be willing to seize my inheritance?” He ordered both men escorted out and commanded Fa Zheng to depart at once. Fa Zheng left Yizhou, went directly to Jingzhou, and presented himself to Xuande. After making his obeisance, he handed over Liu Zhang’s letter. Xuande broke the seal and read:

“Your clansman and younger brother Liu Zhang bows twice and sends this letter beneath the command banner of General Xuande, his elder kinsman. Long have I revered your thunderous majesty, but the roads of Shu are rugged, and I have been unable to send tribute, for which I feel the deepest alarm and shame. I have heard it said, ‘In fortune and misfortune, men rescue one another; in adversity and danger, they support one another.’ If this is true even of friends, how much more so of kinsmen? Zhang Lu now lies to the north and may raise an army at any hour to invade my borders. I can find no peace. I have therefore sent a special envoy respectfully bearing this brief letter, in the hope that it may reach your honored hearing. If you will remember the bonds of our common clan and preserve the duty owed between limbs of one body, raise an army at once and destroy this mad brigand, that we may forever stand as lips and teeth to one another. A rich reward shall naturally follow. A letter cannot express all I wish to say. I await only your chariot and cavalry.”

When Xuande had finished reading, he was overjoyed and gave a banquet for Fa Zheng. After several rounds of wine, Xuande dismissed the attendants and privately said to him, “I have long admired Xiaozhi’s wisdom and clarity, and Assistant Inspector Zhang often praised your magnificent virtue. Now that I have received your instruction, a lifelong wish is fulfilled.” Fa Zheng thanked him. “I am merely a petty official of Shu. What is there in me worth mentioning? I have heard that a horse neighs when it meets Bo Le, and a man dies for one who truly knows him. Does the general still intend what Assistant Inspector Zhang once discussed with you?” Xuande replied, “Bei has lived all his life as a guest in another’s house, and never thinks of it without grief and sighing. I have often reflected that even the tiny wren has one branch to rest upon, and the cunning hare still conceals itself in three burrows—how much more should a man have a refuge? It is not that I do not wish to take the rich and abundant lands of Shu; but Liu Jiyu is of my own clan, and I cannot bear to plot against him.” Fa Zheng said, “Yizhou is a land blessed by Heaven. A lord incapable of bringing order out of disorder cannot hold it. Liu Jiyu is now unable to employ worthy men, so this inheritance will soon belong to another. Today it is offering itself to the general; you must not let the opportunity pass. Have you not heard the saying, ‘In the pursuit of a hare, it belongs to the first who catches it’? If the general wishes to take Yizhou, I shall serve him to the death.” Xuande folded his hands in thanks. “Allow me still to deliberate.”

When the banquet ended that day, Kongming personally escorted Fa Zheng back to the posthouse. Xuande sat alone, lost in thought. Pang Tong entered and said, “One who fails to decide when a decision must be made is a fool. My lord is wise and discerning—why harbor so many doubts?” Xuande asked, “In your judgment, what should be done?” Pang Tong replied, “With Sun Quan east of Jingzhou and Cao Cao to the north, it will be difficult for us to achieve our ambitions here. Yizhou has a million households, broad lands, and abundant wealth, all sufficient to support a great enterprise. Now, by good fortune, Zhang Song and Fa Zheng are ready to assist us from within. This is a gift from Heaven. Why should you hesitate?”

Xuande said, “The man opposed to me like fire to water is Cao Cao. Cao Cao is impetuous, so I am deliberate; Cao Cao is violent, so I am benevolent; Cao Cao is treacherous, so I am loyal. By acting contrary to Cao Cao in every matter, I have been able to succeed. I will not sacrifice great righteousness before all beneath Heaven for the sake of some small advantage.” Pang Tong laughed. “Though my lord’s words accord with heavenly principle, in an age of disorder, when armies contend for supremacy, there can be no single fixed method. If one clings rigidly to ordinary principles, one cannot advance a single step. One must adapt to circumstances. Moreover, to annex the weak and attack the benighted, to take a state by force and thereafter govern it with justice—this was the Way of Tang and King Wu. Once the enterprise is settled, you may requite Liu Zhang with righteousness and enfeoff him in a great domain. How would that betray good faith? If you do not take Yizhou today, another will take it in the end. I beg my lord to consider carefully.” Xuande’s doubts suddenly cleared. “Your words are as precious as metal and stone. I shall engrave them upon my heart.” He therefore summoned Kongming and consulted with him about raising an army and marching west. Kongming said, “Jingzhou is a vital region and must be defended by a separate force.” Xuande replied, “I shall go to western Sichuan with Pang Shiyuan, Huang Zhong, and Wei Yan. The Military Adviser may remain in Jingzhou with Guan Yunchang, Zhang Yide, and Zhao Zilong.” Kongming agreed. Thus Kongming assumed overall command of Jingzhou. Lord Guan guarded the vital road to Xiangyang at the Qingni defile; Zhang Fei commanded the four commanderies and patrolled the river; Zhao Yun was stationed at Jiangling and kept watch over Gong’an. Xuande appointed Huang Zhong to lead the vanguard and Wei Yan the rear guard. Xuande himself, together with Liu Feng and Guan Ping, commanded the center, while Pang Tong served as military adviser. With fifty thousand horse and foot, they set out westward.

Just as they were about to depart, Liao Hua suddenly arrived with a force and surrendered. Xuande ordered him to assist Yunchang in resisting Cao Cao. In the winter of that year, the army marched toward western Sichuan. They had traveled only a few stages when Meng Da came to meet them. After paying his respects to Xuande, he said, “Liu of Yizhou ordered me to lead five thousand soldiers here to welcome you from afar.” Xuande sent a messenger into Yizhou to notify Liu Zhang of his coming. Liu Zhang then sent letters throughout all the prefectures and commanderies along the route, ordering them to supply money and grain. Intending to go personally to Fucheng to welcome Xuande, Liu Zhang commanded that carriages and conveyances, tents and canopies, banners and armor all be prepared in the brightest splendor. Registrar Huang Quan entered to remonstrate: “If my lord goes, Liu Bei will surely do you harm. I have received your stipend for many years and cannot bear to see you fall victim to another man’s treacherous scheme. I beg you to think three times.” Zhang Song said, “Huang Quan’s words sow distrust among members of the imperial clan and swell the might of our enemies. They are of no benefit whatever to my lord.” Liu Zhang rebuked Huang Quan: “My mind is made up. Why do you oppose me?” Huang Quan knocked his head against the floor until blood flowed, then crawled forward, seized Liu Zhang’s robe in his teeth, and continued to remonstrate. Liu Zhang flew into a rage and rose, wrenching at his robe. Huang Quan would not release it, and two of his front teeth were torn out. Liu Zhang shouted for the attendants to drag Huang Quan away, and Huang Quan returned home weeping bitterly.

As Liu Zhang prepared to depart, another man cried, “My lord refuses to accept Huang Gongheng’s loyal counsel—do you mean to walk willingly into the land of death?” He prostrated himself before the steps and remonstrated. Liu Zhang looked and saw Li Hui, a native of Yuyuan in Jianning. Li Hui knocked his head upon the ground and said, “I have heard it said, ‘A ruler should have ministers who remonstrate, and a father sons who remonstrate.’ Huang Gongheng’s words are loyal and righteous and must be heeded. If you allow Liu Bei into Sichuan, it will be like welcoming a tiger through your gate.” Liu Zhang replied, “Xuande is my elder clansman. How could he be willing to harm me? Whoever speaks of this again will be beheaded!” He rebuked the attendants and ordered Li Hui dragged out. Zhang Song said, “The civil officials of Shu now think only of their wives and children and no longer exert themselves in my lord’s service. The generals rely upon their achievements and have grown arrogant, each harboring thoughts of defection. Unless we obtain the Imperial Uncle Liu’s help, the enemy will attack from without and the people will rise within. That is the sure road to defeat.” Liu Zhang said, “Your plans are profound and greatly to my benefit.”

The next day, Liu Zhang mounted his horse and rode out through the Yuqiao Gate. A messenger reported, “Administrative Officer Wang Lei has suspended himself upside down by a rope from the city gate. In one hand he holds a memorial of remonstrance and in the other a sword. He declares that if his counsel is rejected, he will cut the rope himself and dash out his life upon the ground.” Liu Zhang ordered Wang Lei’s memorial brought to him and read it. In substance, it said:

“Your servant Wang Lei, Administrative Officer of Yizhou, knocks his head upon the ground and weeps blood. I have heard it said, ‘Good medicine is bitter in the mouth but beneficial to the illness; loyal words grate upon the ear but benefit one’s conduct.’ In former days, King Huai of Chu refused to heed Qu Yuan’s counsel. He went to a covenant meeting at Wuguan and was detained by Qin. Now my lord lightly leaves his great commandery and intends to welcome Liu Bei at Fucheng. I fear there will be a road by which you go, but none by which you return. If you will execute Zhang Song in the marketplace and break off your agreement with Liu Bei, it will be the greatest good fortune for the old and young of Shu and the greatest good fortune for my lord’s inheritance!”

When Liu Zhang had finished reading, he said in fury, “I am going to meet a benevolent man; it will be like drawing near fragrant iris and orchids. Why do you repeatedly insult me?” Wang Lei gave a great cry, cut through his own rope, and dashed himself to death upon the ground. A later poet lamented:

Hanging upside down from the city gate, he held his remonstrance high;Resolved upon death, he gave his life to repay Liu Zhang.Huang Quan broke his teeth, yet in the end surrendered to Liu Bei—How could his constancy compare with Wang Lei’s unbending strength?

Liu Zhang led thirty thousand soldiers toward Fucheng. The rear army transported more than a thousand wagonloads of provisions, money, and silk to welcome Xuande. Meanwhile, Xuande’s vanguard had already reached Shuju. Wherever it passed, supplies were provided by western Sichuan; moreover, Xuande’s commands were strict and clear—anyone who wrongfully took even one object from the common people was to be beheaded. Thus, wherever his army went, it did not trespass upon so much as an autumn hair. The people, supporting the old and leading the young, crowded the roads to watch, burning incense and bowing in reverence. Xuande comforted them all with kindly words.

Fa Zheng privately said to Pang Tong, “A secret letter has lately arrived from Zhang Song. It says that when Liu Zhang meets us at Fucheng, we may deal with him at once. This opportunity must not be lost.” Pang Tong replied, “Say nothing of this for the present. Wait until the two Lius meet, and then act as circumstances allow. If word leaks out beforehand, changes may arise within.” Fa Zheng therefore kept silent. Fucheng lay three hundred and sixty li from Chengdu. Liu Zhang had already arrived and sent men to welcome Xuande. Both armies encamped along the Fu River. Xuande entered the city and met Liu Zhang. Each spoke of the affection due between brothers of one clan. When the formal courtesies were concluded, they shed tears and poured out their innermost feelings.

When the banquet was over, each returned to his own encampment to rest. Liu Zhang said to his officials, “How laughable Huang Quan, Wang Lei, and the others were! They did not understand my elder clansman’s heart and suspected him without cause. Today I have met him, and he is truly a man of benevolence and righteousness. Now that I have him as an external ally, why should I fear Cao Cao or Zhang Lu? But for Zhang Song, I would have lost this opportunity.” He took off the green robe he was wearing and, adding five hundred taels of gold, sent them to Chengdu as a gift for Zhang Song. At that time, his officers and aides—Liu Gui, Leng Bao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian, and a whole company of civil and military officials—said, “My lord should not rejoice too soon. Liu Bei has hardness concealed within his gentleness. His heart cannot yet be fathomed, and you should remain on your guard against him.” Liu Zhang laughed. “You are all overanxious. How could my brother harbor a second intention?” All sighed and withdrew.

When Xuande returned to his camp, Pang Tong entered and said, “My lord, did you observe Liu Jiyu’s conduct at today’s banquet?” Xuande replied, “Jiyu is truly an honest and sincere man.” Pang Tong said, “Though Jiyu himself is good-hearted, his officers Liu Gui, Zhang Ren, and the others all wore resentful expressions. Whether good or evil will come of this cannot yet be known. In my judgment, the best course is to hold a banquet tomorrow and invite Jiyu to attend. Conceal a hundred swordsmen and axemen behind the hangings; when my lord casts down his cup as the signal, kill him there at the feast. Then we can sweep into Chengdu in a single rush. Without drawing a blade from its scabbard or fitting an arrow to a bowstring, we may sit at ease and settle the province.” Xuande said, “Jiyu is of my own clan and has treated me with perfect sincerity. Moreover, I have only just entered Shu and have not yet established benevolence or trust among the people. If I did such a thing, Heaven above would not tolerate me and the people below would resent me. Even a hegemon would refuse to adopt such a scheme.” Pang Tong replied, “This is not my own plan. Fa Xiaozhi has received a secret letter from Zhang Song saying the matter brooks no delay and must be dealt with very soon.”

Before he had finished speaking, Fa Zheng entered and said, “What we propose is not for our own sake, but in obedience to Heaven’s command.” Xuande replied, “Liu Jiyu is of my own clan. I cannot bear to take his lands.” Fa Zheng said, “You are mistaken, illustrious sir. If you do not act, Zhang Lu, who bears Shu a blood feud for the killing of his mother, will surely come and seize it. You have crossed distant mountains and rivers and driven your soldiers and horses hard to reach this place. Now that you are here, advance will bring achievement, while retreat will gain you nothing. If you cling to doubt and hesitation and delay for many days, it will be a grave error. I also fear that once the scheme is exposed, you will instead fall victim to another’s calculations. Better to seize this moment, when Heaven grants the opportunity and men give their allegiance, strike unexpectedly, and establish your foundation without delay. This is truly the highest plan.” Pang Tong likewise urged him again and again. It was just as the verse says:

How many times in life can one preserve the generous way?Yet able ministers press single-mindedly for expedient schemes.

What lay in Xuande’s heart remains unknown. Read the next chapter to learn how matters unfold.

Zhang Song Confounds Yang Xiu with Retorts; Pang Tong Proposes the Conquest of Western Shu

Now the man who had offered Liu Zhang this plan was Zhang Song, courtesy name Yongnian, an assistant governor of Yizhou. He had a pointed, hoe-shaped forehead, a flattened nose, exposed teeth, and stood less than five feet tall, while his voice rang like a bronze bell. Liu Zhang asked, “What wise counsel do you have that can deliver us from the danger posed by Zhang Lu?” Zhang Song replied, “I have heard that Cao Cao in the capital of Xu has swept through the Central Plains. Lü Bu and both Yuans were destroyed by him, and recently he also defeated Ma Chao. He is now invincible under Heaven. My lord may prepare gifts for tribute, and I will personally go to the capital of Xu and persuade Cao Cao to raise an army and seize Hanzhong in order to deal with Zhang Lu. Then Zhang Lu will be too busy resisting the enemy to dare cast another eye on Shu.” Liu Zhang was overjoyed. He gathered gold, pearls, brocade, and fine silk as tribute and sent Zhang Song as his envoy. Zhang Song secretly drew a detailed map of Sichuan’s geography and concealed it on his person. With several mounted attendants, he set out for the capital of Xu. Word of this soon reached Jingzhou, and Kongming immediately sent men into the capital of Xu to investigate.

When Zhang Song reached the capital of Xu, he settled into the courier lodge and went every day to the Chancellor’s residence, waiting for a chance to see Cao Cao. Ever since Cao Cao had returned from defeating Ma Chao, he had been haughty and self-satisfied. He held drinking feasts every day and seldom went out unless there was some business, while all affairs of state were discussed at the Chancellor’s residence. Zhang Song waited three days before he was finally allowed to submit his name. The attendants around Cao Cao first demanded bribes, and only then led him inside. Cao Cao sat in the main hall. After Zhang Song had bowed, Cao Cao asked, “Why has your lord Liu Zhang failed to send tribute for so many years?” Zhang Song replied, “The roads are difficult and bandits keep appearing, so tribute could not be sent through.” Cao Cao rebuked him: “I have swept the Central Plains clean. What bandits remain?” Zhang Song said, “Sun Quan is in the south, Zhang Lu in the north, and Liu Bei in the west. Even the least of them commands more than a hundred thousand armored troops. How can this be called peace?”

Cao Cao had already taken a strong dislike to Zhang Song because of his ugly and insignificant appearance. Now, hearing his insolent words, he flicked his sleeves, rose, and withdrew into the rear hall. The attendants reproached Zhang Song: “You are here as an envoy. Why do you not know proper manners and do nothing but speak offensively? Fortunately, the Chancellor has spared you because you have come from far away and has not punished you. You had better leave at once!” Zhang Song laughed and said, “In Sichuan, we have no sycophants or flatterers.” Suddenly, a man beneath the steps shouted, “You say there are no sycophants or flatterers in Sichuan. Are you implying that there are such people here in the Central Plains?”

Zhang Song looked at the man. He had a single continuous eyebrow, narrow eyes, a fair complexion, and a clear, intelligent bearing. When Zhang Song asked his name, he learned that this was Yang Xiu, courtesy name Dezu, son of Grand Commandant Yang Biao. He was then serving under the Chancellor as registrar in charge of the storehouses. Yang Xiu was widely learned, eloquent, and exceptionally perceptive. Zhang Song knew that Yang Xiu was a skillful debater and deliberately intended to make things difficult for him. Yang Xiu, for his part, was proud of his own talent and looked down upon all other scholars under Heaven. Offended by Zhang Song’s sarcastic words, he invited him to a study outside. They took their seats as host and guest, and Yang Xiu said, “The roads of Shu are rugged. You must have had a difficult journey from so far away.” Zhang Song replied, “I am carrying out my lord’s command. Even if I had to pass through boiling water or walk through fire, I would not dare refuse.” Yang Xiu asked, “What are the land and customs of Shu like?” Zhang Song replied, “Shu is a western commandery, known in ancient times as Yizhou. Its roads are guarded by the dangers of the Brocade River, and its lands adjoin the mighty Sword Pass. Its winding routes cover two hundred and eighty stages, and it extends more than thirty thousand li in every direction. The crowing of roosters and barking of dogs can be heard from village to village, while its marketplaces and neighborhoods form an unbroken chain. The fields are fertile and the land is rich, with no fear of flood or drought from year to year. The state is wealthy and the people prosperous, and the music of strings and pipes can always be heard. Its products are abundant and piled as high as mountains. No other place under Heaven can compare with it!”

Yang Xiu asked again, “What sort of distinguished men does Shu possess?” Zhang Song replied, “In letters, we have the poetic gifts of Sima Xiangru; in war, the talents of the General Who Calms the Waves. In medicine, we have the skill of Zhang Zhongjing; in divination, the reclusive wisdom of Yan Junping. Among the Nine Schools and Three Teachings, those who rise above their kind and stand out from the crowd are beyond counting. How could I list them all?” Yang Xiu asked, “How many men like you currently serve Liu Jiyu?” Zhang Song replied, “There are hundreds upon hundreds of men accomplished in both civil and military affairs, fully endowed with wisdom and courage, loyal, righteous, and high-spirited. As for untalented fellows like me, we could be loaded by the cart and measured by the bushel—far too many to count.” Yang Xiu said, “What office do you presently hold?” Zhang Song replied, “I undeservedly occupy the post of assistant governor, though I am quite unfit for it. May I ask what office you hold at the imperial court?” Yang Xiu said, “I am presently a registrar in the Chancellor’s residence.” Zhang Song said, “I have long heard that your family has worn the cap and sash of office for generations. Why do you not stand in the imperial court and assist the Son of Heaven, instead of serving as a mere clerk in the Chancellor’s household?”

At these words, Yang Xiu’s face filled with shame and embarrassment. Forcing himself to answer, he said, “Though I occupy a lowly office, the Chancellor has entrusted me with the weighty responsibilities of military administration, finances, and provisions. Morning and evening I receive much instruction from him and gain tremendous enlightenment. That is why I remain in this post.” Zhang Song laughed and said, “I have heard that Chancellor Cao understands neither the teachings of Confucius and Mencius in civil affairs nor the strategies of Sun Wu and Wu Qi in military affairs. He devotes himself solely to force and tyranny, yet occupies a position of the highest authority. How could he possibly instruct and enlighten a distinguished gentleman like you?” Yang Xiu said, “You live in a remote corner of the realm. How could you know the Chancellor’s great abilities? I will let you see for yourself.” He called to the attendants and had them take a scroll from a chest, which he showed to Zhang Song. Zhang Song looked at the title: The New Book of Mengde. He read it once from beginning to end. It contained thirteen chapters, all setting forth essential methods of warfare.

When Zhang Song had finished, he asked, “What sort of book do you consider this?” Yang Xiu replied, “The Chancellor composed it by weighing antiquity against the present and modeling it on the thirteen chapters of Sun Tzu. You accuse the Chancellor of lacking talent. Is this book worthy of being handed down to future generations?” Zhang Song laughed loudly and said, “Even three-foot-tall children in Shu can recite this book from memory. Why call it a ‘new book’? It was written by an anonymous author during the Warring States period. Chancellor Cao stole it and claimed it as his own work, merely to deceive you!” Yang Xiu said, “This is a book the Chancellor has kept secret. Though it has been completed and bound, it has not yet circulated in the world. You claim children in Shu can recite it fluently from memory. Why deceive me?” Zhang Song said, “If you do not believe me, I will recite it for you.” He then recited The New Book of Mengde aloud from beginning to end without getting a single word wrong. Yang Xiu was astonished. “You never forget anything you have seen even once. You truly are an extraordinary genius under Heaven!” A later poet wrote:

Strange and singular were his features,Lofty and aloof his bearing.His words poured like the waters of the Three Gorges,His eyes took in ten lines at a glance.In courage he stood foremost in western Shu,His writings pierced the boundless void.The Hundred Schools and all the philosophers—One look, and nothing escaped him.

Zhang Song then prepared to take his leave and return home. Yang Xiu said, “Remain at the lodge for now. Allow me to report again to the Chancellor so that you may meet him face to face.” Zhang Song thanked him and withdrew. Yang Xiu went in to see Cao Cao and said, “Why did the Chancellor treat Zhang Song so contemptuously just now?” Cao Cao replied, “His words were insolent, so I deliberately slighted him.” Yang Xiu said, “The Chancellor could even tolerate a man like Mi Heng. Why not accept Zhang Song?” Cao Cao said, “Mi Heng’s literary reputation was renowned throughout the age. That was why I could not bear to kill him. What ability does Zhang Song possess?” Yang Xiu replied, “Even setting aside his torrent of words and effortless eloquence, I just showed him the New Book of Mengde composed by the Chancellor. After reading it once, he could immediately recite it from memory. Such extensive learning and powerful memory are rarely found in the world. Zhang Song claims the book was written by an anonymous author during the Warring States period and that all the children in Shu know it by heart.” Cao Cao said, “Could it be that an ancient author’s thoughts happened to coincide with mine?” He then ordered the book torn apart and burned. Yang Xiu said, “This man should be allowed to meet you, so that he may witness the grandeur of the imperial court.” Cao Cao said, “Tomorrow I will review the troops at the western drill ground. Bring him there beforehand, so he can witness the magnificence of my army. Let him return and spread the word that as soon as I have conquered the Southland, I will come and take Sichuan.” Yang Xiu accepted the command.

The next day, Yang Xiu went with Zhang Song to the western drill ground. Cao Cao reviewed fifty thousand elite Tiger Guard troops arrayed across the field. Their helmets and armor were bright, and their robes glittered brilliantly. Gongs and drums shook the sky, while spears and halberds flashed in the sun. Units were drawn up in every direction; banners streamed with color, and men and horses seemed to leap into the air. Zhang Song looked at them sidelong. After a long while, Cao Cao summoned him, pointed to the army, and said, “Have you ever seen such heroic men in Sichuan?” Zhang Song replied, “We in Shu have never seen weapons and soldiers like these. We govern people only through benevolence and righteousness.” Cao Cao’s expression changed as he glared at him. Zhang Song showed no fear at all, though Yang Xiu repeatedly signaled him with his eyes. Cao Cao said to Zhang Song, “I regard the vermin under Heaven as no more than grass and weeds. Wherever my great army goes, it never fails to win a battle or capture what it attacks. Those who submit to me live; those who resist me die. Do you understand?” Zhang Song replied, “I have long known that wherever the Chancellor leads his troops, he is certain to win every battle and capture everything he attacks. There was the time you attacked Lü Bu at Puyang, and the day you fought Zhang Xiu at Wancheng; when you encountered Zhou Yu at Red Cliffs, and met Guan Yu at Huarong; when you cut off your beard and threw away your robe at Tong Pass, and seized a boat to escape the arrows on the Wei River. All these prove that you are invincible under Heaven.” Cao Cao flew into a rage. “How dare this petty pedant expose my humiliations!” He shouted for his attendants to drag Zhang Song out and behead him. Yang Xiu remonstrated: “Though Zhang Song may deserve death, he came all the way from Shu to offer tribute. If he is executed, I fear it will alienate people from distant lands.” Cao Cao’s anger had not yet subsided. Xun Yu also remonstrated, and only then did Cao Cao spare Zhang Song’s life, ordering that he be beaten with clubs and driven out.

Zhang Song returned to the courier lodge, left the city that very night, and prepared to return to Sichuan. He thought to himself, “I originally intended to offer Cao Cao the prefectures and counties of western Sichuan. Who would have expected him to treat me with such contempt? Before I left, I boasted extravagantly in front of Liu Zhang. If I return empty-handed and dejected today, the people of Shu will surely laugh at me. I have long heard that Liu Xuande of Jingzhou is renowned far and wide for his benevolence and righteousness. I might as well return by that route and see what sort of man he is. Then I will form my own judgment.” He mounted his horse and led his attendants toward the borders of Jingzhou. When he reached the frontier of Yingzhou, he suddenly saw a force of more than five hundred horsemen. At their head rode a great general in light, unarmored dress. Reining in his horse, the general came forward and asked, “Can the traveler be Assistant Governor Zhang?” Zhang Song replied, “I am.” The general hurriedly dismounted, saluted, and said, “Zhao Yun has been waiting for you for a long time.” Zhang Song dismounted and returned the courtesy. “Can you be Zhao Zilong of Changshan?” Zhao Yun replied, “I am. My lord Liu Xuande knew that you, sir, had traveled a long and arduous road in the saddle, so he specially ordered me to offer you some food and wine.”

When he had finished speaking, the soldiers knelt and presented food and wine, which Zhao Yun respectfully offered to Zhang Song. Zhang Song thought, “People say Liu Xuande is generous, benevolent, and hospitable to worthy men. Now I see that it is true.” He drank several cups with Zhao Yun, then mounted and continued on with him. When they reached the border of Jingzhou, evening had already fallen. They arrived at a courier station and saw more than a hundred men standing in attendance outside the gate, beating drums to welcome them. A general came before Zhang Song’s horse and saluted. “On my elder brother’s orders, and because you, sir, have endured the dust and hardships of a long journey, I, Guan, was commanded to sweep the courtyard of this station and prepare a place for you to rest tonight.” Zhang Song dismounted and entered the lodge with Guan Yunchang and Zhao Yun. After exchanging formal courtesies, they took their seats. Before long, food and wine were laid out, and the two generals pressed him to eat and drink with the utmost attentiveness. They did not end the feast until late in the night, and Zhang Song stayed there overnight.

The next morning, after breakfast, they mounted and had traveled no more than three or five li when they saw a group of men and horses approaching. It was Xuande himself, accompanied by Sleeping Dragon and Young Phoenix, coming personally to welcome Zhang Song. As soon as Xuande saw him in the distance, he dismounted and waited. Zhang Song also hurriedly dismounted to meet him. Xuande said, “I have long heard your great name, sir, and it has thundered in my ears. I have regretted that clouds and mountains separated us and denied me the benefit of your instruction. Now that I have heard you are returning home, I have come especially to welcome you. If you do not disdain me, please rest briefly in my humble province so that I may express the admiration I have long felt. It would be my greatest good fortune!” Zhang Song was delighted. They mounted, rode side by side into the city, and proceeded to the main hall of the residence. After exchanging courtesies, host and guest took their places in due order, and a banquet was arranged in Zhang Song’s honor.

During the drinking, Xuande spoke only of casual matters and never brought up western Sichuan. Zhang Song tried to draw him out by asking, “Now that the Imperial Uncle holds Jingzhou, how many commanderies does he possess?” Kongming replied, “Jingzhou was only borrowed temporarily from Eastern Wu, which repeatedly sends men to demand it back. Since my lord is the son-in-law of Eastern Wu, he is allowed to remain here for the time being.” Zhang Song said, “Eastern Wu holds six commanderies and eighty-one districts. Its people are strong and the state is wealthy. Is it still not satisfied?” Pang Tong said, “My lord is an imperial uncle of the Han dynasty, yet he cannot occupy so much as a province or commandery. All the others are parasites upon the Han, yet they rely on force to seize and occupy territory. Every wise man must find this unjust.” Xuande said, “Please say no more, gentlemen. What virtue do I possess that I should dare hope for more?” Zhang Song said, “That is not so. You, illustrious sir, are a kinsman of the Han imperial house, and your benevolence and righteousness fill the four seas. Never mind occupying provinces and commanderies—even if you replaced the present dynasty as the legitimate ruler and took the imperial throne, it would not exceed your rightful station.” Xuande clasped his hands in thanks and said, “You go too far, sir. How could Bei deserve such words?”

Xuande kept Zhang Song there for three consecutive days of feasting, never once mentioning affairs in Sichuan. When Zhang Song took his leave, Xuande arranged a farewell banquet at the Long Pavilion ten li outside the city. Raising a cup, Xuande poured wine for Zhang Song and said, “I am deeply grateful that you did not disdain me and remained here for three days of conversation. Now that we part, I do not know when I will again have the benefit of your instruction.” When he had finished speaking, tears streamed down his face. Zhang Song thought, “Xuande is so generous, benevolent, and respectful toward worthy men. How can I abandon him? I would do better to tell him everything and have him take western Sichuan.” He then said, “I too wish I could attend you morning and evening. I only regret that I have had no opportunity. As I see it, Jingzhou has Sun Quan to the east, always crouching like a tiger, and Cao Cao to the north, forever seeking to swallow it like a whale. This is not a place where you can remain for long.” Xuande said, “I know this well, but I have nowhere else to establish myself.” Zhang Song said, “Yizhou is rugged and heavily fortified, with fertile plains stretching for a thousand li. Its people are prosperous and the state wealthy. Its wise and capable men have long admired the Imperial Uncle’s virtue. If you raise the forces of Jingzhou and Xiangyang and drive westward without pause, you may establish a great dominion and restore the house of Han.” Xuande replied, “How would Bei dare? Liu of Yizhou is also a kinsman of the imperial house, and his benevolence has long been spread throughout Shu. How could another man shake his rule?”

Zhang Song said, “I am not betraying my lord to seek wealth and rank. But now that I have met you, illustrious sir, I dare not fail to lay bare my heart. Though Liu Jiyu possesses the lands of Yizhou, he is by nature dim-witted and weak, incapable of appointing the worthy or employing the able. Moreover, Zhang Lu lies to the north and constantly thinks of invading. The people’s hearts have turned away from Liu Zhang, and they long for an enlightened ruler. On this journey, I intended specifically to offer submission to Cao Cao. Who could have expected that treacherous villain and arrogant usurper to act so wantonly, scorning the worthy and insulting scholars? That is why I came especially to see you. If you first take western Sichuan as your foundation, then advance north to seize Hanzhong, recover the Central Plains, and set the imperial court right, your name will live in history, and no achievement could be greater. If you truly intend to take western Sichuan, I am willing to labor like a dog or horse and serve as your agent within. I do not know what your noble intention may be.” Xuande replied, “I am deeply grateful for your generous offer. But Liu Jiyu and Bei are of the same clan. If I attacked him, I fear all under Heaven would spit upon and revile me.” Zhang Song said, “A true man living in this world should strive to win merit and establish a great undertaking, cracking his whip before all others. If you do not take it now, someone else will. Regret will then come too late.” Xuande said, “I have heard that the roads of Shu are rugged, passing through a thousand mountains and ten thousand rivers. Carts cannot travel abreast, nor horses side by side. Even if I wished to take it, what sound strategy could I use?”

Zhang Song took a map from his sleeve and handed it to Xuande. “I am deeply moved by your abundant virtue, illustrious sir, and venture to offer you this map. By looking at it, you will know all the roads of Shu.” Xuande opened it slightly and looked. It recorded all the geographical routes and stages, distances, widths, narrow passes, strategic mountains and rivers, treasuries, money, and provisions, every item clearly marked. Zhang Song said, “You should act quickly. I have two intimate and trusted friends, Fa Zheng and Meng Da. They will certainly be able to assist you. When they come to Jingzhou, you may discuss your plans with them.” Xuande clasped his hands and thanked him. “The green mountains never age, and the clear waters flow forever. When our undertaking succeeds, I will certainly reward you generously.” Zhang Song said, “Having encountered an enlightened lord, I could not fail to tell you everything. How would I dare hope for a reward?” After saying this, he took his leave. Kongming ordered Guan Yunchang and the others to escort him for several dozen li before returning.

When Zhang Song returned to Yizhou, he first went to see his friend Fa Zheng. Fa Zheng, courtesy name Xiaozhi, was a native of Youfufeng Commandery and the son of the worthy scholar Fa Zhen. Zhang Song told him everything in detail: “Cao Cao despises the worthy and treats scholars arrogantly. He is a man with whom one may share hardship, but not happiness. I have already promised Yizhou to Imperial Uncle Liu, and I came especially to discuss it with you.” Fa Zheng said, “I have long judged Liu Zhang to be incompetent and have wanted to meet Imperial Uncle Liu for a long time. Since our minds are the same, what room is there for doubt?” A short while later, Meng Da arrived. Meng Da, courtesy name Ziqing, came from the same region as Fa Zheng. When he entered, he saw Fa Zheng and Zhang Song speaking privately. Meng Da said, “I already know what you two intend. Are you planning to offer Yizhou to someone?” Zhang Song replied, “That is exactly our intention. Try to guess—to whom should we offer it?” Meng Da said, “No one but Liu Xuande will do.” The three clapped their hands and laughed. Fa Zheng then said to Zhang Song, “When you see Liu Zhang tomorrow, what will you do?” Zhang Song replied, “I will recommend you two as envoys so that you may go to Jingzhou.” Both men agreed.

The next day, Zhang Song went to see Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang asked, “How did the mission go?” Zhang Song replied, “Cao Cao is a traitor to the Han who seeks to usurp the whole realm. Nothing can be discussed with him. He already intends to seize Sichuan.” Liu Zhang asked, “If that is so, what are we to do?” Zhang Song said, “I have a plan that will ensure neither Zhang Lu nor Cao Cao dares lightly invade western Sichuan.” Liu Zhang asked, “What plan?” Zhang Song replied, “Imperial Uncle Liu of Jingzhou is of the same clan as my lord. He is benevolent, merciful, generous, and has the bearing of a venerable elder. Since the fierce battle at Red Cliffs, even Cao Cao trembles at the sound of his name, to say nothing of Zhang Lu. Why does my lord not send an envoy to form friendly relations with him and make him our external support? Then we can resist Cao Cao and Zhang Lu.” Liu Zhang said, “I too have had this thought for a long time. Who can serve as envoy?” Zhang Song replied, “No one but Fa Zheng and Meng Da can undertake the mission.” Liu Zhang immediately summoned the two men, wrote a letter, and appointed Fa Zheng as envoy to establish friendly relations first. He then ordered Meng Da to lead five thousand elite troops to welcome Xuande into Sichuan as reinforcement.

While they were still discussing matters, a man suddenly rushed in from outside, his face streaming with sweat, and cried, “If my lord follows Zhang Song’s advice, your forty-one prefectures and commanderies will already belong to another man!” Zhang Song was startled. Looking at the newcomer, he saw Huang Quan, courtesy name Gongheng, a man of Ba from Langzhong in western Sichuan, then serving as a registrar under Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang asked, “Xuande and I are of the same clan, so I wish to form an alliance with him and make him my support. Why do you say this?” Huang Quan replied, “I have long known that Liu Bei treats others generously, overcomes hardness with gentleness, and is a hero without equal. He wins the hearts of people far away and the devotion of those near at hand. Moreover, he has the strategies of Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong, with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Huang Zhong, and Wei Yan as his wings. If you summon him into Shu and treat him as a subordinate commander, will Liu Bei consent to bow his head and take an inferior place? If you treat him with the courtesies due a guest, one state cannot contain two rulers. If you heed my words today, western Shu will be as secure as Mount Tai. If you do not, my lord will be in danger like a pile of eggs. Zhang Song passed through Jingzhou on his way back and must have conspired with Liu Bei. First execute Zhang Song, then break with Liu Bei. That would be the greatest blessing for western Sichuan.” Liu Zhang asked, “When Cao Cao and Zhang Lu come, how are we to resist them?” Huang Quan replied, “It would be better to close the borders and seal the passes, dig deep moats, and raise high ramparts while waiting for peace to return.” Liu Zhang said, “Enemy troops are threatening our borders. The danger is as urgent as fire singeing one’s eyebrows. To wait for peace would be far too slow a plan.” He therefore rejected Huang Quan’s advice and sent Fa Zheng on his way.

Another man came forward to stop him, crying, “You must not! You must not!” Liu Zhang looked and saw Wang Lei, an administrative officer serving before his command tent. Wang Lei knocked his head against the ground and said, “My lord, if you now follow Zhang Song’s advice, you will bring disaster upon yourself.” Liu Zhang replied, “That is not so. I am forming friendly relations with Liu Xuande solely to resist Zhang Lu.” Wang Lei said, “Zhang Lu’s encroachment on our borders is only an itch of the skin. Liu Bei’s entry into Sichuan will be a mortal sickness of the heart and belly. Moreover, Liu Bei is a formidable hero of this age. When he first served Cao Cao, he immediately plotted against him. Later, when he went to Sun Quan, he seized Jingzhou. With such a heart, how can you coexist with him? If you summon him here, western Sichuan is finished!” Liu Zhang rebuked him: “Say no more of this nonsense! Xuande is of the same clan as I. How could he be willing to seize my domain?” He ordered the two remonstrators taken away, then commanded Fa Zheng to depart immediately. Fa Zheng left Yizhou and traveled directly to Jingzhou to see Xuande. After paying his respects, he presented Liu Zhang’s letter. Xuande opened it and read:

“Your younger kinsman Liu Zhang bows twice and sends this letter to his elder clansman, General Xuande, beneath his banner. I have long revered your lightning majesty. Because the roads of Shu are rugged, I have been unable to bring tribute, for which I feel the deepest fear and shame. I have heard it said, ‘In good fortune and bad, men rescue one another; in hardship and danger, they support one another.’ If this is true even of friends, how much more must it be so among members of the same clan? Zhang Lu is now in the north and may raise troops at any hour to invade my borders, leaving me deeply insecure. I have therefore sent a special envoy to present this brief letter for your noble consideration. If you bear in mind the affection due those of the same clan and preserve the loyalty owed between brothers, then raise an army at once to destroy this violent bandit. We shall forever remain as lips and teeth, and I will reward you generously. A letter cannot express everything. I await only the arrival of your chariots and horsemen.”

Xuande was overjoyed when he had finished reading and arranged a banquet for Fa Zheng. After several rounds of wine, Xuande dismissed the attendants and said privately to him, “I have long admired Xiaozhi’s brilliance, and Assistant Governor Zhang has spoken often of your abundant virtue. Now that I have the benefit of your instruction, a lifelong wish is greatly fulfilled.” Fa Zheng thanked him and said, “I am only a minor official of Shu, hardly worth mentioning. I have heard that a horse neighs when it meets Bo Le, while a man will die for one who truly understands him. Do you still intend to act on what Assistant Governor Zhang said before?” Xuande replied, “Bei has spent his life lodging as a guest in other men’s lands and has never ceased to feel sorrow and sigh over it. I have often reflected that even the wren has a single branch to rest upon, while the cunning hare has three burrows in which to hide. How much more should a man have a refuge? It is not that I do not wish to take the rich and abundant land of Shu. But Liu Jiyu is of the same clan as Bei, and I cannot bear to plot against him.” Fa Zheng said, “Yizhou is a land bestowed by Heaven. Unless its ruler can bring order out of chaos, he is not fit to possess it. Liu Jiyu cannot employ the worthy, so before long this domain will inevitably belong to someone else. Today it offers itself to you, General. You must not miss the opportunity. Have you not heard the saying, ‘He who pursues the hare and catches it first wins it’? If you wish to take it, I will serve you to the death.” Xuande clasped his hands in thanks and said, “Allow me time to discuss the matter.”

When the banquet ended that day, Kongming personally escorted Fa Zheng back to the courier lodge. Xuande remained seated alone, pondering in silence. Pang Tong came in and said, “A man who fails to decide when a decision must be made is a fool. My lord is wise and discerning. Why entertain so many doubts?” Xuande asked, “In your judgment, what should I do?” Pang Tong replied, “Jingzhou has Sun Quan to the east and Cao Cao to the north, making it difficult to accomplish your ambitions there. Yizhou has a million households, many able men, and abundant wealth, all of which can support a great undertaking. Now, fortunately, Zhang Song and Fa Zheng are prepared to assist us from within. This is a gift from Heaven. Why hesitate?”

Xuande replied, “The man who opposes me like water against fire is Cao Cao. Cao Cao is impatient, so I am patient; Cao Cao is violent, so I am benevolent; Cao Cao is treacherous, so I am loyal. Only by acting contrary to Cao Cao in every matter can I succeed. If I sacrificed great righteousness before all under Heaven for the sake of a small advantage, I would not do it.” Pang Tong laughed and said, “Though my lord’s words accord with Heaven’s principles, in an age of disorder, when arms are used to contend for supremacy, there can never be only one way to act. If you rigidly cling to ordinary principles, you will not be able to move a single step. You must adapt to changing circumstances. Besides, annexing the weak and attacking the benighted, taking a realm by force but ruling it in accordance with the people’s wishes—this was the way of Tang and King Wu. Once the matter is settled, you may repay Liu Zhang with righteousness by enfeoffing him over a great territory. How would that violate good faith? If you do not take Yizhou today, someone else eventually will. My lord, please think carefully.” Xuande suddenly understood and said, “Your words are as precious as gold and stone. I will engrave them upon my heart.” He then summoned Kongming to discuss raising an army and marching west. Kongming said, “Jingzhou is a vital region. We must divide our forces and leave troops to defend it.” Xuande said, “I will go to western Sichuan with Pang Shiyuan, Huang Zhong, and Wei Yan. You, Military Adviser, may remain in Jingzhou with Guan Yunchang, Zhang Yide, and Zhao Zilong.” Kongming agreed. Kongming was therefore given overall command of Jingzhou. Lord Guan guarded the strategic road to Xiangyang and held the Qingni defile. Zhang Fei led troops through the four commanderies and patrolled the river. Zhao Yun was stationed at Jiangling to secure Gong’an. Xuande appointed Huang Zhong to command the vanguard and Wei Yan the rear guard. Xuande himself, accompanied by Liu Feng and Guan Ping, commanded the center, with Pang Tong as military adviser. With fifty thousand cavalry and infantry, they set out westward.

Just as they were about to depart, Liao Hua suddenly arrived with a force and surrendered. Xuande ordered Liao Hua to assist Guan Yunchang in resisting Cao Cao. In the winter of that year, he led the army toward western Sichuan. They had traveled only a few stages when Meng Da met them, paid his respects to Xuande, and said that Liu of Yizhou had ordered him to lead five thousand troops from afar to welcome him. Xuande sent a man ahead into Yizhou to report to Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang then issued written orders to all the prefectures and commanderies along the route to supply Xuande with money and provisions. Liu Zhang intended to go personally to Fu City to welcome Xuande, so he ordered carriages, tents, banners, armor, and every other item prepared, insisting that everything be bright and splendid. Registrar Huang Quan came in to remonstrate: “If my lord goes, you will certainly be harmed by Liu Bei. I have received your salary for many years and cannot bear to see you fall into another man’s treacherous scheme. I beg you to reconsider.” Zhang Song said, “Huang Quan’s words estrange members of the same clan and strengthen the power of our enemies. They are of no benefit whatsoever to my lord.” Liu Zhang rebuked Huang Quan: “My mind is made up. Why do you oppose me?” Huang Quan knocked his head against the ground until it bled, then came forward and seized Liu Zhang’s robe in his teeth as he continued to remonstrate. Liu Zhang flew into a rage and rose, wrenching at his robe. Huang Quan would not release it, and two of his front teeth were torn out. Liu Zhang shouted to the attendants to drag Huang Quan away. Huang Quan returned home weeping bitterly.

As Liu Zhang prepared to depart, a man cried, “My lord, if you refuse to accept Huang Gongheng’s loyal advice, do you mean to walk willingly to your death?” He prostrated himself before the steps and remonstrated. Liu Zhang looked and saw Li Hui, a native of Yuyuan in Jianning. Li Hui knocked his head against the ground and said, “I have heard that ‘a ruler should have ministers who remonstrate, and a father should have sons who remonstrate.’ Huang Gongheng’s words are loyal and righteous, and must be heeded. Allowing Liu Bei into Sichuan is like welcoming a tiger through your gate.” Liu Zhang replied, “Xuande is my elder clansman. How could he be willing to harm me? Anyone who says more will be beheaded!” He rebuked the attendants and ordered them to drag Li Hui away. Zhang Song said, “The civil officials of Shu now care only for their wives and children and no longer exert themselves in my lord’s service. The generals are arrogant because of their achievements, and each harbors private ambitions. If we do not obtain Imperial Uncle Liu’s aid, the enemy will attack from without while the people rise from within. That is the certain road to defeat.” Liu Zhang replied, “Your counsel is profound and greatly benefits me.”

The next day, Liu Zhang mounted his horse and rode out through the Yuqiao Gate. Someone reported, “Administrative Officer Wang Lei has suspended himself upside down by a rope from the city gate. In one hand he holds a memorial of remonstrance, and in the other a sword. He declares that if his advice is not accepted, he will cut the rope himself and dash out his brains at that very place.” Liu Zhang ordered that Wang Lei’s memorial be brought to him and read it. It said, in essence:

“Your servant Wang Lei, administrative officer of Yizhou, weeps blood and knocks his head against the ground. I have heard it said, ‘Good medicine is bitter in the mouth but beneficial to sickness; loyal advice is harsh in the ear but beneficial to conduct.’ In the past, King Huai of Chu refused to heed Qu Yuan’s words. He went to attend a conference at Wu Pass and was imprisoned by Qin. Now my lord lightly abandons the great capital and intends to welcome Liu Bei at Fu City. I fear you will have a road there, but no road back. If you can execute Zhang Song in the marketplace and sever your agreement with Liu Bei, it will be the greatest blessing for old and young throughout Shu, and the greatest blessing for my lord’s domain!”

When Liu Zhang had finished reading, he flew into a rage. “I am going to meet a benevolent man, which is like drawing near fragrant orchids. Why do you repeatedly insult me?” Wang Lei gave a great cry, cut through his own rope, and dashed himself to death upon the ground. A later poet lamented:

Hanging upside down from the city gate, he held his remonstrance high,Resolved to repay Liu Zhang with his own death.Huang Quan lost his teeth, yet in the end surrendered to Bei;How could his constancy compare with Wang Lei’s unyielding courage?

Liu Zhang led thirty thousand troops toward Fu City. His rear column carried more than a thousand wagonloads of supplies, grain, money, and silk to welcome Xuande. Meanwhile, Xuande’s vanguard had already reached Shuju. Wherever he went, western Sichuan supplied his army, while Xuande enforced strict discipline, ordering the execution of anyone who wrongfully took so much as a single object from the common people. Thus his troops caused not the slightest harm wherever they passed. The people supported their aged and led their children out to fill the roads and watch. They burned incense and bowed in reverence, and Xuande comforted them all with kind words.

Fa Zheng said privately to Pang Tong, “A secret letter recently arrived from Zhang Song. It says that when Liu Zhang meets us at Fu City, we can deal with him there. We must not let this opportunity pass.” Pang Tong replied, “Do not speak of this intention yet. Wait until the two Lius have met, and then take advantage of the opportunity to act. If the secret leaks beforehand, circumstances may change.” Fa Zheng kept silent and told no one. Fu City lay three hundred and sixty li from Chengdu. Liu Zhang had already arrived there and sent men to welcome Xuande. Both armies encamped along the Fu River. Xuande entered the city and met Liu Zhang. Each spoke of the affection between clansmen and brothers. When the formal courtesies were complete, they shed tears as they confided their innermost feelings to one another.

When the banquet ended, they returned to their respective camps to rest. Liu Zhang told his officials, “Huang Quan, Wang Lei, and their kind were ridiculous. They did not understand my elder clansman’s heart and made groundless suspicions. Now that I have seen him today, I know he is truly a benevolent and righteous man. With him as my external support, why should I fear Cao Cao or Zhang Lu? Were it not for Zhang Song, I would have missed this alliance.” He took off the green robe he was wearing and, together with five hundred taels of gold, sent it to Chengdu as a gift for Zhang Song. At that time, his subordinate commanders and aides—Liu Gui, Leng Bao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian, and the other civil and military officials—said, “My lord should not rejoice too soon. Liu Bei has steel beneath his gentleness, and his intentions cannot yet be fathomed. You should remain on guard against him.” Liu Zhang laughed. “You are all worrying too much. How could my elder brother harbor divided loyalties?” The officials all sighed and withdrew.

Xuande returned to his camp. Pang Tong came in and asked, “Did my lord observe Liu Jiyu’s behavior at today’s banquet?” Xuande replied, “Jiyu truly is an honest and sincere man.” Pang Tong said, “Though Jiyu himself is good, his officers Liu Gui, Zhang Ren, and the others all looked resentful. Whether fortune or disaster will emerge from among them cannot yet be known. In my judgment, tomorrow you should arrange a banquet and invite Jiyu to attend. Conceal a hundred axmen and swordsmen behind the screens and walls. When my lord throws down his cup as the signal, they can kill him at the banquet. We can then swarm into Chengdu and settle the entire region without drawing a blade from its scabbard or fitting an arrow to a bow.” Xuande replied, “Jiyu is of the same clan as I, and he treats me with complete sincerity. Moreover, I have only just entered Shu and have not yet established benevolence or trust among its people. If I did this, Heaven above would not tolerate it, and the people below would resent me. Even a hegemon would not carry out such a scheme.” Pang Tong said, “This plan did not originate with me. Fa Xiaozhi received a secret letter from Zhang Song stating that the matter must not be delayed and that we must act very soon.”

Before Pang Tong had finished speaking, Fa Zheng came in and said, “What we propose is not for our own sake, but in obedience to Heaven’s mandate.” Xuande replied, “Liu Jiyu is of the same clan as I. I cannot bear to take his lands.” Fa Zheng said, “You are mistaken, illustrious sir. If you do not act, Zhang Lu, who has a blood feud with Shu over the killing of his mother, will certainly invade and seize it. You, illustrious sir, have crossed distant mountains and rivers, driving your troops and horses all this way. Now that you have arrived here, advancing will bring achievement, while retreating will bring no benefit. If you remain irresolute and delay for long, it will be a grave error. Moreover, I fear that if the plan leaks, we will instead fall victim to another man’s scheme. It would be better to seize this moment, when Heaven grants the opportunity and the people give their allegiance, strike when no one expects it, and establish your foundation at once. This is truly the best strategy.” Pang Tong also urged him repeatedly. Indeed:

How often in life can one preserve a generous heart?A gifted minister presses single-mindedly for expedient schemes.

What Xuande decided in his heart is unknown. Read the next chapter to learn what happened.