Chapter 39

The Young Lord of Jingzhou Thrice Seeks Counsel; The Strategist First Deploys Troops at Bowang Slope

Meanwhile, Sun Quan directed his forces in the assault on Xiakou. Huang Zu’s army was defeated and on the verge of destruction, and he knew full well that he could not hold the city. He therefore abandoned Jiangxia and fled toward Jingzhou. Gan Ning, anticipating that Huang Zu would surely make for Jingzhou, placed troops in ambush outside the eastern gate and waited. Huang Zu broke through the eastern gate with several dozen horsemen, but as they fled, a great shout arose and Gan Ning barred their way. From horseback Huang Zu said to him, “In former days I never treated you lightly. Why do you press me so hard now?” Gan Ning rebuked him: “When I was in Jiangxia, I rendered many distinguished services, yet you treated me as a river pirate. What more have you to say today?”

Knowing there was no escape, Huang Zu wheeled his horse and fled. Gan Ning burst through the soldiers and pursued him directly, but then heard shouts rising behind him as several more riders came galloping up. Looking back, he saw that it was Cheng Pu. Fearing that Cheng Pu had come to contest the credit, Gan Ning hastily took up his bow, fitted an arrow, and shot backward at Huang Zu. Struck by the arrow, Huang Zu toppled from his horse. Gan Ning cut off his head, turned back, and joined forces with Cheng Pu. Together they returned to Sun Quan, before whom Gan Ning presented Huang Zu’s head. Sun Quan ordered it placed in a wooden casket, intending upon his return to Jiangdong to offer it before the spirit of his late father. He richly rewarded the entire army and promoted Gan Ning to Commandant. When they discussed dividing the troops to hold Jiangxia, Zhang Zhao said, “An isolated city cannot be defended. It would be better to return to Jiangdong for the present. When Liu Biao learns that we have destroyed Huang Zu, he will surely come to avenge him. We can await his weary army with our rested forces and are certain to defeat him. Once Liu Biao is defeated, we can press our advantage and attack; then Jingzhou and Xiangyang may be ours.” Sun Quan followed his counsel, abandoned Jiangxia, and withdrew his army to Jiangdong.

From within the prison cart, Su Fei secretly sent a man to beg Gan Ning to save him. Gan Ning said, “Even had Su Fei said nothing, could I ever have forgotten him?” When the army reached the region of Wu and Kuaiji, Sun Quan ordered Su Fei beheaded so that his head might be offered together with Huang Zu’s. Gan Ning went in to see Sun Quan, struck his forehead to the ground, and pleaded through his tears: “Had I not received Su Fei’s aid in former days, my bones would long since have filled some ditch or ravine. How then could I now be serving beneath Your Excellency’s banner? Today Su Fei’s crime merits death, but when I remember the kindness he showed me in the past, I beg leave to surrender my rank and office in redemption of his offense.” Sun Quan said, “Since he once did you a kindness, I shall pardon him for your sake. But what if he escapes?” Gan Ning replied, “Having been spared execution, Su Fei will find no ground deep enough to express his gratitude. How could he be willing to flee? If he does escape, I shall willingly present my own head beneath your steps.” Sun Quan then pardoned Su Fei and offered only Huang Zu’s head in sacrifice. When the rites were concluded, he gave a banquet, assembling all his civil and military officers to celebrate the victory.

In the midst of the drinking, a man at the banquet suddenly rose with a great cry of grief, drew his sword, and rushed straight at Gan Ning. Gan Ning hastily raised his chair to meet the attack. Sun Quan looked at the man in alarm and saw that it was Ling Tong. When Gan Ning had been in Jiangxia, he had shot and killed Ling Tong’s father, Ling Cao; therefore, on meeting him that day, Ling Tong sought revenge. Sun Quan hurriedly restrained him and said, “Xingba shot and killed your father, but each man then served his own lord and could not but exert his utmost strength. Now that you are members of one household, how can an old feud be revived? In all things, you must defer to me.” Ling Tong knocked his head to the floor and cried bitterly, “How can I fail to avenge a hatred that forbids us to live beneath the same heaven?” Sun Quan and all his officers repeatedly tried to dissuade him, but Ling Tong only glared furiously at Gan Ning. That same day, Sun Quan ordered Gan Ning to take five thousand troops and one hundred warships to garrison Xiakou, thus removing him from Ling Tong’s presence. Gan Ning bowed his thanks and departed with his troops for Xiakou. Sun Quan also conferred upon Ling Tong the additional title of Commandant Who Upholds Valor, and Ling Tong had no choice but to contain his resentment. From that time onward, Eastern Wu built warships on a vast scale and divided its troops among the defenses along the riverbanks. Sun Quan also ordered Sun Jing to lead a force in defense of Wu and Kuaiji, while he himself led the main army to encamp at Chaisang. Every day, Zhou Yu drilled the naval forces on Lake Poyang in preparation for future campaigns.

The story now divides. Liu Bei had sent men to discover what was happening in Jiangdong, and they returned to report: “Eastern Wu has defeated and killed Huang Zu and now has troops encamped at Chaisang.” Liu Bei at once summoned Kongming to discuss the matter. As they were speaking, an envoy suddenly arrived from Liu Biao, inviting Liu Bei to Jingzhou for consultation. Kongming said, “This must be because Jiangdong has destroyed Huang Zu, and he wishes to consult my lord on a plan for revenge. I should accompany you and act as circumstances dictate. I shall have a sound plan ready.” Liu Bei agreed. He left Guan Yu to defend Xinye and ordered Zhang Fei to follow him to Jingzhou with five hundred men. While on horseback, Liu Bei asked Kongming, “When I see Jingsheng, how should I answer him?” Kongming replied, “You should first apologize for the affair at Xiangyang. If he asks my lord to campaign against Jiangdong, you must on no account agree. Say only that you must be allowed to return to Xinye to put your soldiers and horses in order.”

Following this advice, Liu Bei arrived in Jingzhou and took lodging at the official posthouse, leaving Zhang Fei and his troops encamped outside the city. Liu Bei and Kongming then entered the city to see Liu Biao. After the formal courtesies, Liu Bei knelt below the steps and begged forgiveness. Liu Biao said, “I have already learned everything about the attempt to murder my worthy brother. At the time, I wished to cut off Cai Mao’s head and present it to you, but because many pleaded for him, I spared him for the moment. I hope, brother, that you will not hold it against me.” Liu Bei replied, “The matter had nothing to do with General Cai. I imagine it was all the doing of his subordinates.” Liu Biao said, “Now Jiangxia has fallen and Huang Zu has been slain. I therefore invited you here to discuss a plan for revenge.” Liu Bei replied, “Huang Zu was violent by nature and could not make proper use of men; that is why this disaster befell him. If we now raise an army for a southern campaign, what shall we do if Cao Cao comes down from the north?” Liu Biao said, “I am old now and often ill, and can no longer manage affairs. My worthy brother might come and assist me. After my death, you may become lord of Jingzhou.” Liu Bei replied, “Why should my elder brother speak so? How would I, Liu Bei, dare assume so grave a responsibility?”

Kongming signaled Liu Bei with his eyes. Liu Bei said, “Allow me time to consider a sound plan.” He then took his leave and returned to the posthouse. Kongming said, “Jingsheng wished to entrust Jingzhou to my lord. Why did you refuse him?” Liu Bei replied, “Jingsheng has shown me every kindness and courtesy. How could I bear to take advantage of his peril and seize his province?” Kongming sighed and said, “Truly, you are a benevolent lord!”

While they were still discussing the matter, it was suddenly announced that Liu Qi, the young lord, had come to see them. Liu Bei received him. Liu Qi bowed tearfully and said, “My stepmother will not tolerate me, and my life may end at any moment. I beg my uncle to take pity on me and save me.” Liu Bei replied, “This is a private matter within my worthy nephew’s household. How can you ask me about it?” Kongming smiled faintly, and Liu Bei asked him for a plan. Kongming said, “This is a family matter. I, Zhuge Liang, dare not involve myself in it.” After a while, Liu Bei escorted Liu Qi out and whispered in his ear, “Tomorrow I shall send Kongming to return my worthy nephew’s visit. Do thus and so, and he will surely offer you an excellent plan.” Liu Qi thanked him and departed.

The next day, Liu Bei feigned a stomachache and asked Kongming to return Liu Qi’s visit in his stead. Kongming agreed. Upon reaching the young lord’s residence, he dismounted and went in to see him. Liu Qi invited him into the rear hall. When tea had been served, Liu Qi said, “My stepmother will not tolerate me. I hope, sir, that a single word from you may save me.” Kongming replied, “I am merely a guest lodging here. How would I dare meddle in affairs between members of another family? Should anything leak out, the consequences would be grave.” Having said this, he rose and took his leave. Liu Qi said, “Since you have honored me with your visit, how could I dare treat you neglectfully?” He therefore detained Kongming and led him to a private chamber, where they drank together.

As they drank, Liu Qi again said, “My stepmother will not tolerate me. I beg you, sir, to say one word that may save me.” Kongming replied, “This is not a matter I dare plan.” When he had spoken, he again made to leave. Liu Qi said, “If you will say nothing, then so be it; but why must you leave at once?” Kongming resumed his seat. Liu Qi said, “I possess an ancient book that I would like to ask you to examine.” He then led Kongming up a small tower. Kongming asked, “Where is the book?” Liu Qi bowed tearfully and said, “My stepmother will not tolerate me, and my life may end at any moment. Can you bear to withhold even one word that might save me?”

Kongming’s expression darkened. He rose and was about to descend, only to see that the ladder had already been removed. Liu Qi said, “I wished to ask you for an excellent plan, but you feared it might be divulged and would not speak. Today we reach neither heaven above nor earth below. Your words will pass from your mouth into my ears alone. Surely now you can instruct me.” Kongming replied, “One who is distant must not come between those who are close kin. How can I, Zhuge Liang, devise a plan for you?” Liu Qi said, “Will you truly refuse to teach me? Then my life can certainly not be preserved. Let me die at once before you.” He drew his sword and prepared to cut his own throat. Kongming stopped him, saying, “I have a sound plan.” Liu Qi bowed and said, “I beg you to instruct me at once.” Kongming said, “Have you not heard the stories of Shensheng and Chong’er? Shensheng remained at home and perished; Chong’er went abroad and survived. Now Huang Zu has only just died, and Jiangxia lacks anyone to defend it. Why do you not submit a request to take troops there and guard Jiangxia? In that way you can escape calamity.”

Liu Qi bowed twice and thanked him for his counsel, then ordered servants to bring the ladder and escort Kongming down from the tower. Kongming took his leave, returned to Liu Bei, and related everything that had happened. Liu Bei was overjoyed. The next day, Liu Qi submitted a request to defend Jiangxia. Liu Biao hesitated and could not decide, so he asked Liu Bei to discuss the matter with him. Liu Bei said, “Jiangxia is a place of great importance and certainly cannot be defended by an ordinary man. It is precisely the young lord who should go there in person. Let my elder brother and his son take responsibility for affairs in the southeast; I, Liu Bei, am willing to take responsibility for those in the northwest.” Liu Biao said, “I have lately heard that Cao Cao has built the Black Tortoise Pool in Ye Commandery to train naval forces. He must intend to campaign in the south, and we cannot fail to guard against him.” Liu Bei replied, “I already know of this. My elder brother need not be anxious.” He then bowed farewell and returned to Xinye. Liu Biao ordered Liu Qi to lead three thousand troops to garrison Jiangxia.

Meanwhile, Cao Cao abolished the offices of the Three Excellencies and, as Chancellor, assumed their functions himself. He appointed Mao Jie as Clerk of the Eastern Bureau, Cui Yan as Clerk of the Western Bureau, and Sima Yi as Literary Clerk. Sima Yi’s style was Zhongda, and he was a native of Wen County in Henei. He was the grandson of Sima Jun, Administrator of Yingchuan; the son of Sima Fang, Intendant of Jingzhao; and the younger brother of Sima Lang, Master of Records. With his civil administration now fully staffed, Cao Cao assembled his military commanders to discuss a southern campaign. Xiahou Dun came forward and said, “I have lately heard that Liu Bei is in Xinye drilling his soldiers every day. He is certain to become a future menace and should be dealt with promptly.”

Cao Cao at once appointed Xiahou Dun commander-in-chief, with Yu Jin, Li Dian, Xiahou Lan, and Han Hao as his deputy generals. At the head of one hundred thousand troops, they were to advance directly upon Bowang and observe Xinye. Xun Yu remonstrated: “Liu Bei is a hero, and now he has also taken Zhuge Liang as his military adviser. He must not be underestimated.” Xiahou Dun said, “Liu Bei is no more than a rat. I shall certainly capture him.” Xu Shu said, “General, do not take Liu Xuande lightly. Now that Xuande has Zhuge Liang to assist him, he is like a tiger that has grown wings.” Cao Cao asked, “Who is this Zhuge Liang?” Xu Shu replied, “Liang’s style is Kongming, and his Daoist appellation is Master Sleeping Dragon. His abilities can order heaven and earth, and his stratagems border on the supernatural. He is truly an extraordinary man of the present age and must not be taken lightly.”

Cao Cao asked, “How does he compare with you?” Xu Shu replied, “How would I dare compare myself to Zhuge Liang? I am but the glow of a firefly; Zhuge Liang is the radiance of the bright moon.” Xiahou Dun said, “Yuanzhi’s words are mistaken. I regard Zhuge Liang as no more than a blade of grass. Why should he be feared? If I do not capture Liu Bei alive and seize Zhuge Liang in a single battle, I am willing to present my head to the Chancellor.” Cao Cao said, “Send back an early report of victory to set my mind at ease.” Filled with martial ardor, Xiahou Dun took leave of Cao Cao and led the army away.

Since obtaining Kongming, Liu Bei had treated him with the honors due a teacher. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were displeased and said, “Kongming is young. What learning or ability can he possess? Our elder brother treats him far too highly, and we have yet to see any proof of his true worth!” Liu Bei said, “Having obtained Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. My two brothers must say no more.” Hearing this, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei withdrew in silence. One day, someone presented Liu Bei with a yak’s tail. He took it and began tying it to his cap with his own hands. Kongming entered and, with a grave expression, said, “Has my lord abandoned his lofty ambitions and chosen to occupy himself with this alone?” Liu Bei flung the cap to the ground and apologized: “I was merely borrowing this pastime to forget my cares.” Kongming said, “How does my lord judge himself in comparison with Cao Cao?” Liu Bei replied, “I am not his equal.” Kongming said, “My lord’s forces number no more than several thousand. If Cao Cao’s army should come, how would you meet it?” Liu Bei replied, “That very matter troubles me, but I have found no sound plan.” Kongming said, “You should quickly recruit a militia from among the people. I shall train them myself, and then they may be used to meet the enemy.” Liu Bei accordingly recruited three thousand men from among the people of Xinye. Morning and evening, Kongming drilled them in battle formations. Suddenly a report came that Cao Cao had dispatched Xiahou Dun with one hundred thousand troops and that they were advancing fiercely upon Xinye. When Zhang Fei heard this, he said to Guan Yu, “We need only send Kongming out to meet the enemy.”

While they were still speaking, Liu Bei summoned the two men and said, “Xiahou Dun is leading an army against us. How are we to meet the enemy?” Zhang Fei replied, “Why does elder brother not send the ‘water’?” Liu Bei said, “For wisdom I rely upon Kongming, but for valor I must depend upon my two brothers. How can you shirk your duty?” Guan Yu and Zhang Fei withdrew, and Liu Bei summoned Kongming to confer. Kongming said, “I fear only that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei will refuse to obey my commands. If my lord wishes me to direct the army, I ask that you lend me your sword and seal of authority.” Liu Bei immediately entrusted him with the sword and seal. Kongming then assembled all the commanders to receive their orders. Zhang Fei said to Guan Yu, “Let us hear his orders and see how he deploys us.”

Kongming issued his commands: “To the left of Bowang stands a mountain called Mount Yu; to the right lies a forest called Anlin. Both can conceal troops and horses in ambush. Guan Yu shall lead one thousand men to the front of Mount Yu and lie hidden there. When the enemy arrives, let them pass without engaging them. Their baggage train and provisions will certainly be in the rear. As soon as you see fire rise in the south, release your troops, attack, and set their provisions ablaze. Zhang Fei shall lead one thousand men to lie in ambush in the valley behind Anlin. The moment you see fire rise in the south, come out and hasten to Bowang’s former supply depot, where you are to set fire to the stores. Guan Ping and Liu Feng shall take five hundred men, prepare materials for kindling fires, and wait on both sides behind Bowang Slope. When the enemy arrives at the first watch, you are to set the fires.” He also ordered Zhao Yun recalled from Fancheng and appointed him commander of the vanguard, with instructions not to win but only to lose. “My lord shall personally lead one force as support. Each of you must follow the plan exactly and permit no failure.”

Guan Yu said, “All of us are going out to meet the enemy. May I ask what the military adviser himself will be doing?” Kongming replied, “I shall merely remain here to guard the city.” Zhang Fei laughed loudly. “We are all going out to fight and kill, while you sit comfortably at home. What ease for you!” Kongming said, “The sword and seal are here. Whoever disobeys an order will be executed!” Liu Bei said, “Have you not heard the words, ‘Devise strategy within the command tent and determine victory a thousand miles away’? My two brothers must not disobey his orders.” Zhang Fei departed with a cold laugh. Guan Yu said, “Let us see whether his plan succeeds. If it does not, it will not be too late to question him then.”

The two men departed. None of the commanders yet understood the depth of Kongming’s strategy, and though they obeyed his orders, all remained doubtful and uncertain. Kongming said to Liu Bei, “My lord should lead your troops out today and encamp beneath Mount Bowang. The enemy army will certainly arrive tomorrow at dusk. My lord must abandon the camp and retreat. As soon as you see the fires rise, turn your army about and attack. Mi Zhu, Mi Fang, and I shall lead five hundred men in defense of the county town, while Sun Qian and Jian Yong will prepare a banquet of celebration and stand ready with the register of merit.” When all the assignments had been made, even Liu Bei remained doubtful and uncertain.

Meanwhile, Xiahou Dun, Yu Jin, and the others led their army to Bowang. They divided off half their picked troops to form the vanguard, while all the rest marched in protection of the provision wagons. It was autumn, and the western wind was gradually rising. As the men and horses pressed onward, they suddenly saw clouds of dust rising ahead. Xiahou Dun deployed his troops and asked the local guide, “What place is this?” The guide replied, “Bowang Slope lies directly ahead, and Luochuan Pass behind us.”

Xiahou Dun ordered Yu Jin and Li Dian to hold the formation steady while he rode personally to the front. Seeing troops approaching in the distance, he suddenly burst into laughter. Those around him asked, “Why does the general laugh?” Xiahou Dun replied, “I am laughing because Xu Yuanzhi praised Zhuge Liang before the Chancellor as though he were some divine being. Yet now, judging from his use of troops, he sends men such as these in his vanguard to oppose me. It is no different from driving dogs and sheep to battle tigers and leopards! Before the Chancellor, I boasted that I would capture Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang alive. Today my words are sure to be fulfilled.” He urged his horse forward. Zhao Yun rode out to meet him. Xiahou Dun reviled him: “You who follow Liu Bei are no more than lost souls trailing after a ghost!”

Zhao Yun was enraged and spurred his horse forward to fight. The two horses met, but after only a few exchanges, Zhao Yun feigned defeat and fled. Xiahou Dun pursued him from behind. After retreating more than ten li, Zhao Yun turned his horse and fought again, only to flee once more after a few exchanges. Han Hao galloped forward and warned, “Zhao Yun is luring us on. I fear there may be an ambush.” Xiahou Dun replied, “With an enemy such as this, why should I fear even if they laid ambushes on ten sides?” Ignoring Han Hao’s words, he pursued directly to Bowang Slope. At the sound of a cannon shot, Liu Bei personally led his troops charging forward to engage the enemy in support of Zhao Yun. Xiahou Dun laughed and said to Han Hao, “So these are the troops they had in ambush! I swear I shall not halt my army until I reach Xinye tonight!” He then urged the army onward. Liu Bei and Zhao Yun turned and retreated.

By then the sky had grown dark. Dense clouds blanketed the heavens, and there was no moonlight. The wind that had risen by day blew even more fiercely by night. Xiahou Dun thought of nothing but driving his army onward in pursuit. When Yu Jin and Li Dian reached a narrow place where reeds grew thickly on both sides, Li Dian said to Yu Jin, “He who underestimates the enemy is certain to be defeated. The road to the south is narrow, mountains and rivers press closely upon it, and trees and undergrowth grow thick. What shall we do if the enemy attacks with fire?” Yu Jin replied, “Your words are correct. I shall ride forward and inform the commander-in-chief. You must stop the rear army.” Li Dian wheeled his horse around and shouted, “Slow the rearward march!” But once the men and horses had surged forward, how could they be held back? Yu Jin spurred his horse and shouted, “Commander-in-chief of the vanguard, halt!”

As Xiahou Dun was advancing, he saw Yu Jin galloping up from the rear and asked him the reason. Yu Jin replied, “The road to the south is narrow, mountains and rivers press closely upon it, and trees and undergrowth grow thick. We must guard against an attack by fire.” Xiahou Dun suddenly realized the danger. He reined his horse around and ordered his troops not to advance. Before he had finished speaking, tremendous shouts arose behind him, and he saw a broad blaze already burning. The reeds on both sides then caught fire as well. In an instant, fire surrounded them in every direction. With the wind blowing hard, the flames grew fiercer still. Cao Cao’s men and horses trampled one another, and those who died were beyond number. Zhao Yun turned his army about and attacked, while Xiahou Dun fled through smoke and flame.

Li Dian, seeing that the situation had turned against them, hastened back toward Bowang, only to find a body of troops barring his way amid the firelight. The great commander at their head was Guan Yu. Li Dian spurred his horse into the mêlée, fought his way through, and escaped. When Yu Jin saw that the provision carts and stores had all been consumed by fire, he fled down a side road. Xiahou Lan and Han Hao came to rescue the provisions, but encountered Zhang Fei. After only a few exchanges, Zhang Fei thrust Xiahou Lan from his horse with a single spear stroke. Han Hao forced a way through and escaped. The fighting continued straight through until dawn, and only then were the troops recalled. Corpses lay strewn across the fields, and blood flowed in rivers. A later poet wrote:

At Bowang, fire decided the fray;With effortless command, he laughed and talked.He struck such terror into Lord Cao’s heart—First triumph won on leaving his thatched cot!

Xiahou Dun gathered the remnants of his army and returned to Xuchang.

Meanwhile, Kongming recalled the troops. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei said to each other, “Kongming is truly a man of surpassing greatness!” Before they had traveled several li, they saw Mi Zhu and Mi Fang leading troops clustered around a small army carriage. Seated upright within it was Kongming. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei dismounted and bowed prostrate before the carriage. Soon Liu Bei, Zhao Yun, Liu Feng, Guan Ping, and the others all arrived. They gathered the troops, distributed the captured provisions and baggage among the officers and soldiers as rewards, and marched back in triumph to Xinye. The people of Xinye, seeing the dust of their approach, thronged the road and bowed, saying, “That we have all been preserved alive is due entirely to the Imperial Uncle’s success in obtaining a worthy man!”

Upon returning to the county town, Kongming said to Liu Bei, “Though Xiahou Dun has been defeated and driven away, Cao Cao will certainly lead his main army here in person.” Liu Bei asked, “If so, what are we to do?” Kongming replied, “I have a plan that can withstand Cao Cao’s army.” And so:

His foe defeated, he still may not rest his steeds;To shun the coming host, he must again trust sound counsel.

What that plan was will be revealed in the next chapter.

The Young Lord of Jingzhou Thrice Seeks Counsel; The Strategist First Deploys Troops at Bowang Slope

Meanwhile, Sun Quan commanded his forces in an assault on Xiakou. Huang Zu’s army was defeated and on the verge of destruction. Knowing full well that he could not hold the city, Huang Zu abandoned Jiangxia and fled toward Jingzhou. Gan Ning calculated that Huang Zu was certain to flee to Jingzhou, so he placed troops in ambush outside the eastern gate and waited. Huang Zu broke out through the eastern gate with several dozen horsemen. As they fled, a great shout arose and Gan Ning blocked their way. From horseback Huang Zu said to him, “I never treated you poorly in the past. Why do you press me so hard now?” Gan Ning shouted, “When I was in Jiangxia, I rendered many distinguished services, yet you treated me as nothing but a river pirate. What can you possibly have to say now?”

Huang Zu knew he could not escape, so he wheeled his horse around and fled. Gan Ning charged through the soldiers and raced straight after him. Suddenly, shouts arose behind him, and several more riders came galloping up. Gan Ning looked and saw that it was Cheng Pu. Afraid that Cheng Pu had come to contest the credit, Gan Ning hastily drew his bow, set an arrow to the string, and shot backward at Huang Zu. Struck by the arrow, Huang Zu toppled from his horse. Gan Ning cut off his head, turned his horse around, and joined forces with Cheng Pu. They returned to Sun Quan, and Gan Ning presented Huang Zu’s head. Sun Quan ordered it placed in a wooden box so that, upon his return to Jiangdong, he could offer it before the spirit of his late father. He richly rewarded the entire army and promoted Gan Ning to Commandant. They then discussed dividing their forces to defend Jiangxia. Zhang Zhao said, “An isolated city cannot be held. We would do better to return to Jiangdong for the time being. When Liu Biao learns that we have destroyed Huang Zu, he is certain to come for revenge. We can await his exhausted troops with our rested forces and will surely defeat him. Once Liu Biao is defeated, we can take advantage of our momentum and attack him; then Jingzhou and Xiangyang can be ours.” Sun Quan accepted his advice, abandoned Jiangxia, and led the army back to Jiangdong.

From inside the prison cart, Su Fei secretly sent someone to ask Gan Ning for help. Gan Ning said, “Even if Su Fei had said nothing, could I possibly have forgotten him?” When the army reached Wujun and Kuaiji, Sun Quan ordered Su Fei beheaded so that his head could be offered together with Huang Zu’s. Gan Ning went in to see Sun Quan, knocked his head against the floor, and pleaded tearfully, “Had it not been for Su Fei in former days, my bones would long since have filled some ditch or ravine. How then could I now be serving under your command, General? Su Fei’s crime does deserve death, but when I remember the kindness he once showed me, I am willing to surrender my rank and office to redeem him from his crime.” Sun Quan said, “Since he once did you a kindness, I will pardon him for your sake. But what if he escapes?” Gan Ning replied, “Having been spared execution, Su Fei will be immeasurably grateful. How could he be willing to flee? If Su Fei does leave, I will gladly present my own head at the foot of your steps.” Sun Quan therefore pardoned Su Fei and offered only Huang Zu’s head in sacrifice. After the ceremony, he held a banquet at which all the civil and military officers gathered to celebrate their victory.

In the midst of the drinking, a man at the banquet suddenly rose weeping, drew his sword, and rushed straight at Gan Ning. Gan Ning hurriedly raised his chair to fend him off. Sun Quan looked in alarm and saw that the man was Ling Tong. When Gan Ning had been in Jiangxia, he had shot and killed Ling Tong’s father, Ling Cao. Now that they had met, Ling Tong wanted revenge. Sun Quan hurriedly restrained him and said, “Xingba shot and killed your father, but at that time each served his own lord and was bound to do his utmost. Now that you belong to one household, how can you revive an old feud? In all things, show consideration for my sake.” Ling Tong knocked his head against the floor and wept aloud, saying, “How can I fail to avenge a hatred so great that we cannot live beneath the same heaven?” Sun Quan and all the officers repeatedly tried to persuade him, but Ling Tong merely glared angrily at Gan Ning. That very day Sun Quan ordered Gan Ning to take five thousand troops and one hundred warships to garrison Xiakou, thereby keeping him away from Ling Tong. Gan Ning bowed his thanks, took command of the troops, and departed for Xiakou. Sun Quan also raised Ling Tong to the rank of Commandant Who Upholds Valor, and Ling Tong had no choice but to suppress his hatred. From then on, Eastern Wu built warships on a large scale and stationed troops to guard the riverbanks. Sun Quan also ordered Sun Jing to lead a force in defense of Wujun and Kuaiji, while Sun Quan himself led the main army and encamped at Chaisang. Every day Zhou Yu trained the naval forces on Poyang Lake in preparation for war.

The story now divides into two. Liu Bei had sent men to gather news from Jiangdong, and they returned to report, “Eastern Wu has attacked and killed Huang Zu, and its troops are now encamped at Chaisang.” Liu Bei immediately summoned Kongming to discuss the matter. While they were speaking, an envoy suddenly arrived from Liu Biao, inviting Liu Bei to Jingzhou to discuss affairs. Kongming said, “This must be because Jiangdong has destroyed Huang Zu, so he is inviting you, my lord, to discuss a plan for revenge. I shall accompany you and act according to circumstances. I will certainly have a sound plan.” Liu Bei followed his advice. He left Guan Yu to defend Xinye and ordered Zhang Fei to accompany him to Jingzhou with five hundred men and horses. While on the road, Liu Bei asked Kongming, “When I see Jingsheng, how should I answer him?” Kongming replied, “First, you should apologize for what happened in Xiangyang. If he orders you to campaign against Jiangdong, you must not agree. Simply say that you must first return to Xinye to put your troops and horses in order.”

Liu Bei followed his advice. Upon reaching Jingzhou, he settled into the official guesthouse and left Zhang Fei encamped with the troops outside the city. Liu Bei and Kongming then entered the city to see Liu Biao. After the formal greetings, Liu Bei knelt below the steps and asked forgiveness. Liu Biao said, “I have already learned all the details of the attempt to harm you, worthy brother. At the time I wanted to cut off Cai Mao’s head and present it to you, but everyone pleaded for him, so I provisionally spared him. I hope you will not blame me.” Liu Bei said, “It had nothing to do with General Cai. I imagine it was all the work of his subordinates.” Liu Biao said, “Now Jiangxia has fallen and Huang Zu has been killed. That is why I invited you here, worthy brother, to discuss a plan for revenge.” Liu Bei replied, “Huang Zu was violent by nature and unable to employ capable men, which brought this disaster upon him. If we now raise an army for a southern campaign, what will we do if Cao Cao comes from the north?” Liu Biao said, “I am old now and often ill, and I can no longer manage affairs. You may come and assist me, worthy brother. After I die, you can become the lord of Jingzhou.” Liu Bei said, “Elder brother, why do you say such a thing? How could a man of my limited ability dare assume so heavy a responsibility?”

Kongming signaled Liu Bei with his eyes. Liu Bei said, “Allow me time to consider a sound plan.” He then took his leave and returned to the guesthouse. Kongming said, “Jingsheng wished to entrust Jingzhou to you, my lord. Why did you refuse him?” Liu Bei replied, “Jingsheng has treated me with the utmost kindness and courtesy. How could I bear to take advantage of his peril and seize his province?” Kongming sighed and said, “You truly are a benevolent lord!”

While they were discussing the matter, someone suddenly announced that Liu Qi, Liu Biao’s eldest son, had come to see them. Liu Bei received him. Liu Qi bowed tearfully and said, “My stepmother cannot tolerate me, and my life is in danger from one day to the next. I beg you, Uncle, to take pity on me and save me.” Liu Bei said, “This is a matter within your own family, worthy nephew. Why ask me about it?” Kongming smiled faintly, and Liu Bei asked him for a plan. Kongming said, “This is a family matter. I, Liang, dare not involve myself in it.” A short while later, Liu Bei escorted Liu Qi out and whispered in his ear, “Tomorrow I will have Kongming return your visit. Do this and this, and he will certainly offer you an ingenious plan.” Liu Qi thanked him and departed.

The next day, Liu Bei pretended to have a stomachache and asked Kongming to return Liu Qi’s visit on his behalf. Kongming agreed. He rode to the young lord’s residence, dismounted at the gate, and went in to see him. Liu Qi invited him into the rear hall. After tea, Liu Qi said, “My stepmother cannot tolerate me. I hope, sir, that you will say something that can save me.” Kongming replied, “I, Liang, am merely a guest lodging here. How would I dare interfere in affairs between members of another family? If word of it leaked out, the harm would be considerable.” With that, he rose to take his leave. Liu Qi said, “Since you have honored me with a visit, how could I dare treat you with neglect?” He therefore detained Kongming and led him into a private room to drink with him.

While they were drinking, Liu Qi again said, “My stepmother cannot tolerate me. I beg you, sir, to say something that will save me.” Kongming replied, “This is not something I, Liang, dare advise upon.” When he finished speaking, he again tried to leave. Liu Qi said, “If you will not speak, so be it, but why must you leave at once?” Kongming therefore sat down again. Liu Qi said, “I have an ancient book that I would like you to examine.” He then led Kongming up into a small tower. Kongming asked, “Where is the book?” Liu Qi bowed tearfully and said, “My stepmother cannot tolerate me, and my life may end at any moment. Can you truly bear to say nothing that might save me, sir?”

Kongming rose with an angry expression and was about to go downstairs, only to see that the ladder had already been removed. Liu Qi said, “I wish to ask you for a sound plan, but you fear it may be divulged and will not speak. Today, however, we can reach neither heaven above nor earth below. What leaves your mouth will enter only my ears. You can instruct me now.” Kongming said, “Those who are distant must not come between close kin. How can I, Liang, devise a plan for you, young lord?” Liu Qi said, “Will you truly refuse to instruct me, sir? Then my life certainly cannot be preserved. Let me die here before you.” He drew his sword and prepared to cut his own throat. Kongming stopped him and said, “I already have a sound plan.” Liu Qi bowed and said, “Please instruct me at once.” Kongming said, “Have you never heard the stories of Shensheng and Chong’er? Shensheng remained at home and perished, while Chong’er went abroad and survived. Huang Zu has just died, and Jiangxia lacks someone to defend it. Why do you not petition your father for permission to lead troops there and guard Jiangxia? In that way, you can avoid disaster.”

Liu Qi bowed twice and thanked him for his instruction, then ordered his servants to bring back the ladder and escort Kongming downstairs. Kongming took his leave and returned to Liu Bei, to whom he related the entire affair. Liu Bei was delighted. The next day, Liu Qi petitioned for permission to defend Jiangxia. Liu Biao hesitated and could not decide, so he invited Liu Bei to discuss the matter. Liu Bei said, “Jiangxia is a vital strategic position and certainly cannot be entrusted to just anyone. Your son is precisely the one who should go. You and your son, elder brother, should handle affairs in the southeast, while I am willing to take responsibility for affairs in the northwest.” Liu Biao said, “I recently heard that Cao Cao has constructed the Xuanwu Reservoir in Ye Commandery to train his naval forces. He must intend to campaign in the south, and we cannot fail to guard against him.” Liu Bei replied, “I already know of it. Do not worry, elder brother.” He then took his leave and returned to Xinye. Liu Biao ordered Liu Qi to lead three thousand troops to garrison Jiangxia.

Meanwhile, Cao Cao abolished the offices of the Three Excellencies and assumed their functions himself as Imperial Chancellor. He appointed Mao Jie as Assistant in the Eastern Bureau, Cui Yan as Assistant in the Western Bureau, and Sima Yi as Literary Assistant. Sima Yi’s courtesy name was Zhongda, and he was a native of Wen County in Henei. He was the grandson of Sima Jun, Administrator of Yingchuan; the son of Sima Fang, Intendant of Jingzhao; and the younger brother of Sima Lang, the Registrar. With his full complement of civil officials now assembled, Cao Cao gathered his generals to discuss a southern campaign. Xiahou Dun stepped forward and said, “I have recently heard that Liu Bei is in Xinye drilling his soldiers every day. He is certain to become a future threat and should be dealt with as soon as possible.”

Cao Cao immediately appointed Xiahou Dun commander-in-chief, with Yu Jin, Li Dian, Xiahou Lan, and Han Hao as his deputy generals, and ordered him to lead one hundred thousand troops directly to Bowang to threaten Xinye. Xun Yu remonstrated, “Liu Bei is a hero, and now he also has Zhuge Liang as his military adviser. He must not be underestimated.” Xiahou Dun said, “Liu Bei is nothing but a rat. I will certainly capture him.” Xu Shu said, “General, do not underestimate Liu Xuande. Now that Xuande has Zhuge Liang to assist him, he is like a tiger that has grown wings.” Cao Cao asked, “Who is Zhuge Liang?” Xu Shu replied, “Liang’s courtesy name is Kongming, and he is known as Master Sleeping Dragon. He possesses the ability to order heaven and earth and devises strategies of uncanny and divine subtlety. He is truly an extraordinary man of our age and must not be taken lightly.”

Cao Cao asked, “How does he compare with you?” Xu Shu replied, “How would I dare compare myself to Zhuge Liang? I am like the glow of a firefly, while Liang is the radiance of the bright moon.” Xiahou Dun said, “Yuanzhi’s words are absurd. In my eyes, Zhuge Liang is no more than a blade of grass. Why should anyone fear him? If I fail to capture Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang alive in a single battle, I am willing to present my head to the Imperial Chancellor.” Cao Cao said, “Send me an early report of victory to set my mind at ease.” Brimming with confidence, Xiahou Dun took his leave of Cao Cao and set out with the army.

Ever since Liu Bei obtained Kongming’s services, he had treated him with all the respect due a teacher. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were displeased and said, “Kongming is young. What learning or ability can he possess? Elder brother treats him far too generously! Besides, we have yet to see any actual results from him!” Liu Bei replied, “Having obtained Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. You two brothers must say no more.” At this, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei withdrew without another word. One day, someone presented Liu Bei with the tail of a yak. Liu Bei took it and personally began weaving it into his cap. Kongming entered, saw him, and said sternly, “Has my lord abandoned his lofty ambitions and become concerned only with such things?” Liu Bei threw the cap to the ground and apologized, saying, “I was merely using it to forget my worries for a moment.” Kongming said, “How do you judge yourself in comparison with Cao Cao, my lord?” Liu Bei replied, “I am not his equal.” Kongming said, “My lord has no more than a few thousand men. If Cao Cao’s army should come, how will you meet it?” Liu Bei replied, “That is precisely what worries me, but I have not yet found a sound plan.” Kongming said, “You should quickly recruit a civilian militia. I will train them myself, and then we can await the enemy.” Liu Bei recruited men from among the people of Xinye and obtained three thousand. Kongming drilled them in battle formations morning and evening. Suddenly a report arrived that Cao Cao had sent Xiahou Dun with one hundred thousand troops and that they were advancing upon Xinye. When Zhang Fei heard the news, he said to Guan Yu, “Just send Kongming to meet the enemy.”

While they were speaking, Liu Bei summoned them and said, “Xiahou Dun is approaching with his army. How should we meet the enemy?” Zhang Fei replied, “Elder brother, why not send your ‘water’?” Liu Bei said, “For strategy, I rely on Kongming; for valor, I need you two brothers. How can you shift the responsibility to one another?” Guan Yu and Zhang Fei went out, and Liu Bei invited Kongming to discuss the situation. Kongming said, “I fear only that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei will refuse to obey my orders. If my lord wishes me to direct the army, I ask you to lend me your sword and seal of command.” Liu Bei immediately gave his sword and seal to Kongming, who then assembled all the generals to receive their orders. Zhang Fei said to Guan Yu, “Let us go hear his orders and see how he deploys us.”

Kongming issued his commands: “To the left of Bowang is a mountain called Mount Yu, and to the right is a forest called Anlin. Troops can be placed in ambush there. Guan Yu, take one thousand soldiers to the front of Mount Yu and lie in ambush. When the enemy arrives, let them pass without engaging them. Their baggage train and provisions are certain to be in the rear. As soon as you see fire rise in the south, lead your troops out to attack and set their provisions ablaze. Zhang Fei, take one thousand soldiers and lie in ambush in the valley behind Anlin. As soon as you see fire rise in the south, come out and go to the old provision depot at Bowang, then set it on fire. Guan Ping and Liu Feng, take five hundred soldiers with materials prepared for starting fires and wait on both sides behind Bowang Slope. When the enemy arrives during the first watch of the night, you may set the fires.” He also ordered that Zhao Yun be recalled from Fancheng and placed in command of the vanguard, with instructions not to win but only to lose. “My lord will personally lead a force as support. Each of you must follow the plan exactly and allow no failure.”

Guan Yu asked, “All of us are going out to meet the enemy. What do you intend to do, Military Adviser?” Kongming replied, “I will simply sit here and defend the city.” Zhang Fei laughed loudly and said, “We are all going out to fight, while you sit comfortably at home. How easy for you!” Kongming said, “The sword and seal of command are here. Anyone who disobeys orders will be executed!” Liu Bei said, “Have you not heard the saying, ‘Devise strategy within the command tent and determine victory a thousand miles away’? You two brothers must not disobey his orders.” Zhang Fei gave a cold laugh and left. Guan Yu said, “Let us first see whether his plan succeeds. If it does not, it will not be too late to question him then.”

The two men departed. None of the generals yet understood Kongming’s military genius. Though they obeyed his orders, they were all filled with uncertainty. Kongming said to Liu Bei, “My lord, you may lead your troops out today and encamp at the foot of Mount Bowang. Tomorrow at dusk the enemy army is certain to arrive. Abandon your camp and flee. As soon as you see the fires rise, turn your army around and attack. Mi Zhu, Mi Fang, and I will lead five hundred soldiers to defend the county seat, while Sun Qian and Jian Yong will prepare a victory banquet and have the register of merit ready.” When Kongming had completed all his assignments, Liu Bei remained doubtful and uncertain.

Meanwhile, Xiahou Dun, Yu Jin, and the others led their army to Bowang. They divided half their elite troops into the vanguard, while all the rest escorted the supply wagons. It was autumn, and a gentle west wind began to blow. As the men and horses hurried onward, they suddenly saw clouds of dust rising ahead. Xiahou Dun deployed his troops and asked the local guide, “What place is this?” The guide replied, “Bowang Slope lies just ahead, and Luochuan Pass lies behind us.”

Xiahou Dun ordered Yu Jin and Li Dian to hold the formation steady while he personally rode to the front. Seeing troops approaching in the distance, he suddenly burst out laughing. The others asked, “Why are you laughing, General?” Xiahou Dun said, “I am laughing at how Xu Yuanzhi praised Zhuge Liang before the Imperial Chancellor as though he were a divine being. Now, judging by his use of troops, he has sent such a force as his vanguard to oppose me. It is just like driving dogs and sheep to fight tigers and leopards! Before the Imperial Chancellor I boasted that I would capture Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang alive. Now my words are certain to come true.” He urged his horse forward. Zhao Yun rode out to meet him. Xiahou Dun cursed him, saying, “You people follow Liu Bei like lost souls following a ghost!”

Zhao Yun flew into a rage and charged forward to fight. Their horses crossed, but after only a few exchanges Zhao Yun feigned defeat and fled. Xiahou Dun pursued him from behind. After fleeing for more than ten li, Zhao Yun wheeled his horse around and fought again. After only a few exchanges, he fled once more. Han Hao spurred his horse forward and warned, “Zhao Yun is luring us after him. I fear there may be an ambush.” Xiahou Dun replied, “With an enemy army like this, why should I be afraid even if there were ambushes on all ten sides?” Ignoring Han Hao’s warning, he pursued Zhao Yun straight to Bowang Slope. At the sound of a cannon blast, Liu Bei personally led his troops charging forward to reinforce Zhao Yun and engage the enemy. Xiahou Dun laughed and said to Han Hao, “So these are the troops lying in ambush! I swear I will not halt my army until I reach Xinye tonight!” He urged his army onward. Liu Bei and Zhao Yun withdrew and fled.

By then it was already dark. Thick clouds covered the sky, and there was no moonlight. A wind had risen during the day, and it grew even stronger at night. Xiahou Dun thought only of urging his troops onward in pursuit. When Yu Jin and Li Dian reached a narrow stretch of road, they saw reeds on both sides. Li Dian said to Yu Jin, “Those who underestimate the enemy are certain to be defeated. The road to the south is narrow and hemmed in by mountains and streams, with dense, tangled trees all around. What will we do if the enemy attacks with fire?” Yu Jin replied, “What you say is correct. I will ride ahead and inform the commander-in-chief. You stop the rear guard.” Li Dian reined in his horse and shouted, “Rear guard, slow your advance!” But the men and horses were already surging forward, and there was no stopping them. Yu Jin galloped ahead and shouted, “Commander-in-chief of the vanguard, halt!”

As Xiahou Dun was riding onward, he saw Yu Jin racing up from the rear guard and asked him why he had come. Yu Jin said, “The road south is narrow and hemmed in by mountains and streams, with dense, tangled trees all around. We must guard against a fire attack.” Xiahou Dun abruptly realized the danger. He wheeled his horse around and ordered the troops to stop advancing. Before he had finished speaking, tremendous shouts arose behind them, and they saw a broad blaze already burning. Immediately afterward, the reeds on both sides also caught fire. In an instant, flames surrounded them on every side. With the strong wind, the fire grew even fiercer. Cao Cao’s men and horses trampled one another, and the dead were beyond counting. Zhao Yun turned his army around and charged after them, while Xiahou Dun fled through smoke and flame.

Meanwhile, when Li Dian saw that the situation was hopeless, he hurried back toward Bowang, but a body of troops blocked his way amid the firelight. The general at their head was Guan Yu. Li Dian spurred his horse forward, fought his way through the melee, and seized a road by which to escape. When Yu Jin saw that the supply wagons and provisions had all been set ablaze, he fled down a side road. Xiahou Lan and Han Hao came to rescue the provisions but ran straight into Zhang Fei. They had fought only a few exchanges when Zhang Fei thrust his spear and knocked Xiahou Lan dead beneath his horse. Han Hao fought his way clear and escaped. The slaughter continued until dawn, and only then were the troops recalled. Corpses covered the fields, and blood flowed in rivers. A later poet wrote:At Bowang he opposed the foe with fire,Commanding as he laughed and talked at ease.He struck such terror into Lord Cao’s heart—His first achievement fresh from his thatched retreat!Xiahou Dun gathered the remnants of his army and returned to Xuchang.

Meanwhile, Kongming recalled the troops. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei said to each other, “Kongming truly is an outstanding hero!” After traveling only a few li, they saw Mi Zhu and Mi Fang leading troops around a small carriage. Seated upright inside was Kongming. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei dismounted and bowed to the ground before the carriage. Before long, Liu Bei, Zhao Yun, Liu Feng, Guan Ping, and the others all arrived. They gathered the entire army, distributed the captured provisions and baggage among the officers and men as rewards, and marched back to Xinye. When the people of Xinye saw the dust of their approach, they crowded the road and bowed, saying, “We have all survived because Your Excellency obtained the services of a worthy man!”

After Kongming returned to the county seat, he said to Liu Bei, “Although Xiahou Dun has been defeated and driven off, Cao Cao will certainly come in person with a great army.” Liu Bei asked, “If that happens, what are we to do?” Kongming replied, “I, Liang, have a plan that can withstand Cao Cao’s army.” Thus it was said:Though foes are crushed, the warhorses cannot rest;To evade an army, a sound plan is needed again.What his plan would be will be revealed in the next chapter.