Lucretius · Complete work
Against Anaxagoras
Against Anaxagoras of 8. Read it here for reference, or continue through the entire work without leaving the reader.
Open the complete readerOriginal Latin
nec, si iam posset, sine inani posset, opinor,ipse in se trahere et partis conducere in unum.Qua propter, quamvis causando multa moreris,esse in rebus inane tamen fateare necessest.multaque praeterea tibi possum commemorandoargumenta fidem dictis conradere nostris.verum animo satis haec vestigia parva sagacisunt, per quae possis cognoscere cetera tute.namque canes ut montivagae persaepe ferainaribus inveniunt intectas fronde quietes,cum semel institerunt vestigia certa viai,sic alid ex alio per te tute ipse videretalibus in rebus poteris caecasque latebrasinsinuare omnis et verum protrahere inde.quod si pigraris paulumve recesseris ab re,hoc tibi de plano possum promittere, Memmi:usque adeo largos haustus e fontibus magnislingua meo suavis diti de pectore fundet,ut verear ne tarda prius per membra senectusserpat et in nobis vitai claustra resolvat,quam tibi de quavis una re versibus omnisargumentorum sit copia missa per auris.Sed nunc ut repetam coeptum pertexere dictis,omnis ut est igitur per se natura duabusconstitit in rebus; nam corpora sunt et inane,haec in quo sita sunt et qua diversa moventur.corpus enim per se communis dedicat essesensus; cui nisi prima fides fundata valebit,haut erit occultis de rebus quo referentesconfirmare animi quicquam ratione queamus.tum porro locus ac spatium, quod inane vocamus,si nullum foret, haut usquam sita corpora possentesse neque omnino quoquam diversa meare;id quod iam supera tibi paulo ostendimus ante.praeterea nihil est quod possis dicere ab omnicorpore seiunctum secretumque esse ab inani,quod quasi tertia sit numero natura reperta.nam quod cumque erit, esse aliquid debebit id ipsumaugmine vel grandi vel parvo denique, dum sit;cui si tactus erit quamvis levis exiguusque,corporis augebit numerum summamque sequetur;sin intactile erit, nulla de parte quod ullamrem prohibere queat per se transire meantem,scilicet hoc id erit, vacuum quod inane vocamus.Praeterea per se quod cumque erit, aut faciet quidaut aliis fungi debebit agentibus ipsumaut erit ut possint in eo res esse gerique.at facere et fungi sine corpore nulla potest resnec praebere locum porro nisi inane vacansque.ergo praeter inane et corpora tertia per senulla potest rerum in numero natura relinqui,nec quae sub sensus cadat ullo tempore nostrosnec ratione animi quam quisquam possit apisci.Nam quae cumque cluent, aut his coniuncta duabusrebus ea invenies aut horum eventa videbis.coniunctum est id quod nusquam sine permitialidiscidio potis est seiungi seque gregari,pondus uti saxis, calor ignis, liquor aquai,tactus corporibus cunctis, intactus inani.servitium contra paupertas divitiaeque,libertas bellum concordia cetera quorumadventu manet incolumis natura abituque,haec soliti sumus, ut par est, eventa vocare.tempus item per se non est, sed rebus ab ipsisconsequitur sensus, transactum quid sit in aevo,tum quae res instet, quid porro deinde sequatur;nec per se quemquam tempus sentire fatendumstsemotum ab rerum motu placidaque quiete.denique Tyndaridem raptam belloque subactasTroiiugenas gentis cum dicunt esse, videndumstne forte haec per se cogant nos esse fateri,quando ea saecla hominum, quorum haec eventa fuerunt,inrevocabilis abstulerit iam praeterita aetas;namque aliud terris, aliud regionibus ipsiseventum dici poterit quod cumque erit actum.denique materies si rerum nulla fuissetnec locus ac spatium, res in quo quaeque geruntur,numquam Tyndaridis forma conflatus amoreignis Alexandri Phrygio sub pectore gliscensclara accendisset saevi certamina bellinec clam durateus Troiianis Pergama partuinflammasset equos nocturno Graiiugenarum;perspicere ut possis res gestas funditus omnisnon ita uti corpus per se constare neque essenec ratione cluere eadem qua constet inane,sed magis ut merito possis eventa vocarecorporis atque loci, res in quo quaeque gerantur.Corpora sunt porro partim primordia rerum,partim concilio quae constant principiorum.sed quae sunt rerum primordia, nulla potest visstinguere; nam solido vincunt ea corpore demum.etsi difficile esse videtur credere quicquamin rebus solido reperiri corpore posse.transit enim fulmen caeli per saepta domorumclamor ut ac voces, ferrum candescit in ignidissiliuntque fero ferventi saxa vapore;cum labefactatus rigor auri solvitur aestu,tum glacies aeris flamma devicta liquescit;permanat calor argentum penetraleque frigus,quando utrumque manu retinentes pocula ritesensimus infuso lympharum rore superne.usque adeo in rebus solidi nihil esse videtur.sed quia vera tamen ratio naturaque rerumcogit, ades, paucis dum versibus expediamusesse ea quae solido atque aeterno corpore constent,semina quae rerum primordiaque esse docemus,unde omnis rerum nunc constet summa creata.Principio quoniam duplex natura duarumdissimilis rerum longe constare repertast,corporis atque loci, res in quo quaeque geruntur,esse utramque sibi per se puramque necessest.nam qua cumque vacat spatium, quod inane vocamus,corpus ea non est; qua porro cumque tenet secorpus, ea vacuum nequaquam constat inane.sunt igitur solida ac sine inani corpora prima.Praeterea quoniam genitis in rebus inanest,materiem circum solidam constare necessest;nec res ulla potest vera ratione probaricorpore inane suo celare atque intus habere,si non, quod cohibet, solidum constare relinquas.id porro nihil esse potest nisi materiaiconcilium, quod inane queat rerum cohibere.materies igitur, solido quae corpore constat,esse aeterna potest, cum cetera dissoluantur.Tum porro si nil esset quod inane vocaret,omne foret solidum; nisi contra corpora certaessent quae loca complerent quae cumque tenerentomne quod est spatium, vacuum constaret inane.alternis igitur ni mirum corpus inanidistinctum, quoniam nec plenum naviter extatnec porro vacuum; sunt ergo corpora certa,quae spatium pleno possint distinguere inane.haec neque dissolui plagis extrinsecus ictapossunt nec porro penitus penetrata retexinec ratione queunt alia temptata labare;id quod iam supra tibi paulo ostendimus ante.nam neque conlidi sine inani posse videturquicquam nec frangi nec findi in bina secandonec capere umorem neque item manabile frigusnec penetralem ignem, quibus omnia conficiuntur.et quo quaeque magis cohibet res intus inane,tam magis his rebus penitus temptata labascit.ergo si solida ac sine inani corpora primasunt ita uti docui, sint haec aeterna necessest.Praeterea nisi materies aeterna fuisset,antehac ad nihilum penitus res quaeque redissentde nihiloque renata forent quae cumque videmus.at quoniam supra docui nil posse crearide nihilo neque quod genitumst ad nil revocari,esse inmortali primordia corpore debent,dissolui quo quaeque supremo tempore possint,materies ut subpeditet rebus reparandis.sunt igitur solida primordia simplicitatenec ratione queunt alia servata per aevomex infinito iam tempore res reparare.denique si nullam finem natura parasset
Mouseia
Mouseia's complete machine-assisted Musean translation, made directly from the complete Latin text of Book 1 as printed by The Latin Library, in flowing prose that preserves the argument's order, images, and force.
But one man, Anaxagoras, said that all things lie hidden in all things, mingled: and that only that thing appears of which there is the most, and which lies foremost and first in front. But this is far from the truth of things. For then the corn would often show blood, when the stalks are broken by the mighty crushing of the stone: and blood would often drip from the stone when we grind stone on stone: and the grass would drip sweet drops like the milk of the sheep: and the clods of earth, crumbled, would show blades and corn and leaves scattered minute among the earth: and in the wood, when it is broken, we should see ash and smoke, and fire hidden minute. But since nothing of the kind appears, you may know that things are not so mingled in things: but that seeds of many things lie hidden, mingled in common ways, in things.
And you say: "Often on high mountains the tops of the high trees grind against one another, when the strong south winds drive them — and then flame flashes out with its flower." Certainly — but fire is not grafted in the wood: rather there are many seeds of heat in it; and when they meet, rubbed together, they make fires in the forests. And if the flame had been hidden ready-made in the woods, the fires could not be hidden for a moment: they would consume the forests at once, and burn the orchards. Do you not see, then, what I said a little before: that it matters greatly with what other seeds the same seeds are held, and in what position, and what motions they give and take among themselves — and that the same seeds, changed a little among themselves, make fire and wood? Just so the words themselves are made of letters changed a little among themselves, when we mark with a distinct voice "fire" and "wood."
And now, whatever you see plainly in things, if you think it cannot be otherwise than that the bodies of matter are made of a like nature to it, you destroy by this reason the first-beginnings of things: it will come to pass that laughter shakes the cheeks with trembling mirth, and salt tears moisten the face.
Mouseia
Mouseia's complete Plain English edition, made independently and directly from the same Latin text of Book 1.
But Anaxagoras said everything is hidden inside everything, all mixed together — and the thing you see is just whichever ingredient there's most of, sitting in front. That's far from the truth. If it were so, corn-ground would often drip blood when the millstone crushed it; grinding stone on stone would drip blood; grass would ooze milk like a sheep; broken clods of earth would show corn and leaves scattered through the dirt; split wood would show ash, smoke, and bits of fire. None of that happens. So things are not mixed that way: seeds of many things lie hidden in things, mixed in ordinary ways.
You say: "On high mountains, treetops grind against each other in the strong south wind — and fire flashes out." True — but fire isn't grafted in the wood. There are seeds of heat in it; rubbed together they make forest fires. If fire were already made and waiting in the woods, fires couldn't hide for a moment: forests would burn instantly. See, then, what I said before: it matters hugely what other seeds touch the same seeds, how they're arranged, what motions they give and take. The same seeds, shifted slightly, make fire — or wood. Just as the same letters, shifted slightly, make different words.
And one more thing: if you insist that everything visible must be made of parts just like itself, you destroy the very first-beginnings of things. You'd have to say laughter is made of laughing bits, tears of salty drops.