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Index
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INDEX
Africa atrieiAm Id. mt.
facta to piaatrii. 6»,H,7U7%
Aa» OHMeM. diMribMl, tT.
Blowplpi, 171.
Afffwfaa laws of GmeH ia« ff.
Boaeoraala trwaw% 197.
AfffmHM probiii, 4^ lae
ff..
PntcBfaait HDa dcacribad, aia.
Brick a«d lila. if7.
Acrictthurc, so^. s8«: fai Mrtjr L»-
Brick iadaalry. 171.
titim, i-ia, SI* ■•tkodt
•<.
Braaaa calaa^ 64 ff.
fjC
AamUmw^M.
tepHeaal,<fff.. 7«. Tt.
Alfalfa. f«.
AII07 fai oofaM. 74.
BroMi, pvadMtion of. ili.
AwMemcnta. sSj.
Braaaa ware ezponrd. asa.
A<t«cdacti^ 184.
Budfit. iiaff.. ij«.
Arabia, aiporti^ as4.
Bnilal aailnli» at4.
AicUtactwa. aarlx. a4.
CaaigagBik 4.
Ardaa. s. at.
Ctpkal, ai»-a4ab
Affialocrac7. dwfaidliBff. ISJ{ <
ie»>
CMflfaHc iwfcalanBto fai laO.
»o«k policy of, 1 14 ff.. aai
ff:
aaiff.
Ariatocfatk govenuaeat. 36. aji
t.
AnMriaib 181.
wara. i»7J ttl^ ■"^ ^
Anaa and arawr. tSo.
mmm.U,
Araqr. coata of. ijj. 141.
Oiitkagialaa trade, as. ar. ao-js.
Arrrtinc war«. 166, 196.
Ciala umtm, v
ArtiaaiM. 196 ff.. J69.
Caaliren, i7».
Aita, early, aj, a4. a^.
CiWlc rairft. sj.fl.
As. tlw aMMMlary wh. 6s ff.
Cereah. SS. f*. f S. •§ S-
Aaia. ai^orta. »%$•
Ckarily. payia. las. atj. apd.
Atbaalaa trada. »7.
dMaea. price of. to.
Aaftutut^aBd Efypt. a $4.
CMUIweaiM^ iScl
Bakery, igt. 193, joo.
CUm, «i9«ftB, as4.
Balance of trMle. jsi ff.
deff arnica, isaff.
Baakert. a3ft-a40.
Oar hm9^ 170.
Baakloff. aar. acthoda of. aji ff.
QieatA^^ lOw
Baakmplcy lawa. 49-
-CMMiapideeck- 4.
Bartering, at. 6$.
Bathi^ piridic aSj.
ao4: iavarted. act.
BlMiunrwii (rfhrer and brottaa).
«f.
Clerer. far fertiVdiat. fl.
3PS
3o6
INDEX
Coiiuce, 6r«t, 4t-$oi history of, 64- 80; by contract, 6s; reform of, 71, 78.
Colonate of Africa, 398.
Colonuation, 58-62, 86; by Gracchi, ia8; by Sulla, 29a; by Caeaar and Auguatua, a^j.
Collegia, 284.
Columbaria, 384.
Coaunerce, early, 13-36; third cen* tury, 105 if.; second century, 108; first century, 241 if.; dis- couraged, 63; encouraged, 247; at Deloa, 333; perils of, 341.
G>mmercial policy of Rome, 107 ff., 343 ff.
Commercial treaty, 29-35, 108.
Commodity prices, 80 ff., 381.
Community ownership, I3.
Concessions, public, 144.
Confiscation of property, 319 ff., 300.
Conquest of Latium, 58; of Sam- nium, 58; material advantages of, 84 ff.
Contours, 95.
Conubium, 10.
Conventus, 360.
Copyrights and patents, 169.
Copper, high price when source cut off, 70 ff., 78; prices, 80.
Copper-ware. 181, 199.
Corinthian traders, 14, 16, at, 27.
Corn-doles, 125, 143, 383.
Corporations, public, 106, 113, 126, 304, 323, 230.
Cost of living, 80, 83, 276 ff.
Crisis, financial, 49.
Cults, cost of, 133.
Cumaean trade. 14, 16, 17, 25, 27.
Cuniculi, 6, 52.
Currency, depleted, 76.
Custom work, 271.
Dams, 8.
Debasement of coinage? 73, 74, 76.
Debtors, 39-
Decemriral legislation, 43.
Deforeatation, 4, 53. Delos^ commerce at, 104, 109, 232. Democracy, growth of, 40-50, Denariua, introduced, 71 ff.; de-
narial system, 72, 7$, 77- Deposits, 231.
Devastation in Punic War, 89. Diet, of laborer, 280. Discounting, 232. Divine rights of kings. 85. Division of labor, 198. 200. Domain, public, 85, 297. " Domestic economy," 98, 214 ff. Dominium in solo prox^ciati, 84 ff.,
146. Donations, Imperial, 142. Drainage, 6, 51, 95. Dry-season, 4. Dyeing, 192. Earthenware, 249.
Economic causes of wars, 89, note 5. Economic interpretation of Roman
history. 110- 11 8. Economic policy, iioff., ii9ff. Education, cost of, 83. Egypt, finances, 145. Egyptian ware, 16. Emissarium of Albano, 7. Employer, influence of, iii. Equites, 113, 126, 223. Erosion, 5, 51, 55. Etruscan conquest of Latium. 14,
18, 19. 29. Etruscan trade, 24, 26, 17 ff. Exchange, by banks. 232. Exhaustion of soil. 9. 38, 52, 98,
288 ff. Expansion, economic effect of, 58,
84 ff., 236 ff. Expenses, public, 133, 140. Exports, 29, 248, 251. Expositio, 154.
Expropriation of capital, 219. Expulsion of Etruscans, 32, 36, 40. Factories, 166 ff. Factory, producing pottery, 166;
IWDIX 507
■liMi>t>» tfil MdHii, 1711
Graaa fartObar. 9!.
"CriiliM'alaar," $t.
tff.
m€» 9ft,
fM/mr pnHiMm, 909.
Haitora, aff.
Mtoir^tiL
Hardarara dbopa, it*. 19*.
rm^DM^^^ too.
Hay. 97.
Fwiblli, joi.
Htrtdimm. it.
HoanUag pravcatad, 77.
FImmW pMrw of Ron*. 6t. 71*
IIoaii«9«.
Flifc fMiktn, M).
nuBMpaw, aof. ao«.
FlMyBtaO, •7 ft
BoftkiUtwa. 99.
Foftfttf CoMiMVM. 41.
HarHu. lo.
FM4«rM. >so.
** Iloaatlinlil aooMaqr,** aia, ai4 C
ForilM. 179 «.
HoMM lit, ata.
Fofoif* tndo pcowrrw aovM
H— idinr* 4>
•oi»«y. 74.
iMdfmiaa. tss. *7^
Pomlo fai UdMi. 1. 4.
I■l9ari■lin^ t4C.
Ftowl,»7.
T«|irt tiltn. ijiw 147.
F^<w ooiaifi^ moC pOMmOa 79<
lapoc^ara and asportan^ a4«.
Ttmdmm ia burinw^ <is. j«4: te
laiporta. if-ja^ a*i. as«.
poUtieik tso: groat number at
IBCMBC fftMi trftta. IJ7.
««-, 155 A
ladiao trada. aas. «S4.
PiooawMora. j8.
Firwkbui. 190. 41 J, a66. 07^
ladoalrial ^ral*a^ at}.
FkoiiM. «S7 ff.
ladaalTT. Etraaeaa. aj; at Baaw.
F»«II^W.
*9. tp: ai Pratnaala. aj. ««:
PM. «9CMhrc. *i«.
tMffd eaatarr. 1*1 C: Mcead
P^dkn^ooA.
caatary. 1041 im ccatary. t^f-
FttnUtaro. 199.
atS: diaraapact far. 6«. iia. ait.
Cmwm, ooj.
InBatioa of carraacy. 49: daa to
GmI. osiwrt^ *S4.
Akaaadar'a aoataaal. H-
GoDlofial formadoo of Udna. 1.
lalaad trada. aariy. a«.
Gllda. ao7, 969, tUl «t Fooup***. tij.
lalaaiHa eahhraiioa. S. 94.
Qaaa-war*. 171.
lataraat. 4t. •t. •J7.
Gold cobi«e. 75. Tt.
Gold, onbarflo on asport, 196. a$«i
Imiaaiiat^ ia laad. aai ff.. »a6; ia
aearehy of. <4: valo* of. 7S. to.
■yitiani^ aast la praiiwia^
Gold^hba. 1I7.
unn,i ia iadaatry. aa9: ia
Gracchi. tj«. a*!.
unaiBiiri. ajs: la aiaaty Uad
Graeebna, TSbeHua, tmM, Graceboa. GaitM. i^^T
lac aay ff^ aj7.
loaiaa tradara. 1$. »$. »7.
Gracchaa Revelation, it^-ijo.
Iraa aad Maal, 177 t^ 199. •4f-
Grapea, $s. 99-
Ifoa aiportod, •7t. asa.
Graak cokmiea. 14. is-
Iroa^ore freai Elba. 177.
GcMk tradar^ io«. 109. a4a, aj4.
Iraa, prie* of, to.
3o8
INDEX
Iroo-productJon at Puteoli, 178.
IrrigiitloD. 99.
Jewelen, 187.
Joint-stock companiet, jjo.
Knitfbta, tij. 1:16, 223.
Labor, free, 190. 21 j: condition of, 376; held in disrepute, s66; wages of, a76; on farm, 368 ff.; in factories. 369 fF.; in house- hold, 368; skilled. 167 ff.
Laborer, 366-387.
Labor-saving machinery, 316.
Land distribution, 44, 45, 46, 87,
I3T.
" Land-hunger," 58.
Land, state ownership of, 84 ff.
Latifundia, 47, 84, 90 ff., lao ff.,
395 ff. •* Latin " colonies, 60. Latin league, 34, 41. Latin stock displaced, 149 ff. Latins, decrease of, i3o. Latium, forests of, 3: settlement of,
3-4; soil of, 1-13.
Leaseholds of public lands re- stricted, 45.
Leases, of public lands. 90 ff.
Leaves, as fodder, 97, 99.
Legumes, for fertilizing, 96, 98.
Lkinian-Scxtian law, 44, isi.
Loans, public, 135.
Machinery, 315 ff.
Malaria, 53.
Manor, 9.
Manumission of slaves, 157.
Manure, 96.
More clousum, 35, 36, 33.
Marine insurance, 335.
Maritime trade, 343; "tramping," 344; organized schedules in, 346, 347; methods, sss ff.
Market places, 35$.
Marseilles, trade, ao, sr, 37, 109.
Marshes. 53.
Meat, prices of. 80.
Mesopotamian ware, 1$.
Middlemen. S49, »i7.
Military budget, 141.
Military coinage, 65.
Mines, public. 143.
Mint, first, 48.
Money, 64 ff.
Money lending. 337. 337.
Monetary policy of autocrats and
of republics. 74 ff., 79. Monopolistic tendencies. 3x5 ff. Monopoly. 136, 173; in Egypt.
145 ff. Mortgages, 336 ff.. 331, 2^7. Mountain pasture, 55. Naucratis, 3i. Navy, 135.
Neglect of commerce by Rome. 359. Ntgotiator, 226 ff., 361. Oil, price of, 81. Olive-culture, 55. Olive oil, exported, 353; production,
303.
Open-field system, 11. Oriental traders, 350. Ostia, Rome's seaport, 33, 40, 49,
6s, 105, no, 351. Over-cropping, 53, 98. Overpopulation, 7. " Packetboats," 344. Partnerships, 330. Passenger-fares, 358. Pasturage. 53, 98. Patricians. 10. 36. Peasantry, rise of the, 36-50. Peasants, conditions of, 38. " Pension to Motherhood," 396. Peonagre, 39. Periplus, 345.
Phocaean traders, 15, 30, 33, 35. Phoenician trade, 15. t6, 18. Piracy, 350. Plantations, 84, isoff. Plebeians, 10; revolution of, 36-50. Plebiscite. 44. Plebs Urbana. 149-164. Plow, wooden, 94.
1
nroKx
309
Rwta. 01
IS. i««.
to «Hf LmImb. s. t.
IM.
INwtdwWi tot. ijC a4t. IHiMwy. IM. iM ff^ if«, Mf. •S*. fj.
DM«a ftsd Rnin, M ff^ 7<l F» vallty. pfodiicii of. as*.
I. ladMlrT hi. s. M. i<» aj*
PTDSDCIiOO. Io6h»{ IB
tfi-M6: •cato of, iM; ecatrl*
p«t«I and centrifttfil forooik
*ts ff. Prodncta of A«Iji, Sjrria. Egy^t.
C*ttl tad SpBio. <SJ ff- IHailtM^ trftaM-pajrinf. 8s ff. ProvtacU himlwMite. raj. aj6ff..
»J7. Property, by eoaqoMt t4 ff. PvbUe eeatracti^ taj. Public eorpoTMloiM. 106, tij. ia6,
•04. MS, ajo. Public fiaance*. ijt-148. Public laadt, 87, ot II.. ijs. Public ownership, of Egypt. 146. Public workii t JJ ff- Pnaie War. FIrM. 84: Soeeiid. 89 0. PurcsMiiig povor of bmsojt. 80 ■• Poic^ 110, •48. lUfalrfan PBtfwin. ray.
t4»ff.. t64. 15*.
Raacbw. ss« toff.
R«ol-«ttait lB»m««0t^ ua. ajy.
•• Recan.** tn.
Scdoctioa of oofai^ 07t 81. 7«» 7S* 7a.
Skilled wofffcaHB, aif. Slave, coat of. aj^ SlaTe-Ubor. 104. lai. 187. till. Slavea. aa agents. a7i;!■ Imimftrj, aia: aa purtaera. a7t: caytiaa^ IS7: brcedtag of. isi '•S W^ IS8: OrkMaL i8j: •f, 1871 whi dd- t6i: anarriaga of. tst. of. 159: rapid ia- •f. III. tsi if.
of. »74: aca- of. 8«. ta. a 17.
Its.
iTt. la arai7, iSi.
310
INDEX
Socialistic policy of Gracchi, lai ff., t»S', of Stoics, I as*
Soil, conditions of, 290 ff.; exhaus- tion of, 9, si; of Latium, i, si. 98; volcanic, 3.
SJoTcreignty, Oriental theory of, 84.
Spain, exports, as5.
Specialization, 180, 18s. 190-406.
Spinning in household, 305.
State-ownership of industries, 147.
Sttttiones of foreign traders, 250.
Steel, 177 ff.
Stocks and bonds, sjo.
Strikes, iii, 384.
Suffrage, equal manhood, 45.
Sulphur, S49.
S\iper-tax, 135.
Syria, exports from, 353.
Syrian traders, 106; in Italy, iso.
Swine, 97.
Tabula alimentaria, 296.
Tanners, 209.
Tariff, protective, io8ff.; in Egypt, 147.
Taxes, 134*^^
Tax-farming, 127, 139, 224. ^
Tenants, 293.
Tcrramara people, 2, 5, 12.
Tithes, 84ff., 138; Asiatic, 127; Sicilian, 56.
Token money, 68.
Trade, early, 13-36; Eastern, 245; Western, 246.
Traders, Eastern, to6; Greek and Oriental, 233; Romans and Ital- ians. 234.
Trademarks, 167, 172, 175, 182, 185, 189, 196.
Trade-secrets, 215.
Tramp-ships, 244.
Tramp-trade, 255.
Transportation, inadequate, S17.
Treasury of state, 131 ff.
Treaty, commercial, 29-3S>
" Town-economy," aoo.
Tribunes of the plebs, 37, 42, 43,
122.
Tributary provinces, 84 ff.
Tribute, 86, 127.
Trimalchio, a64.
Tufa, 2.
Tunnels, for drainage, 6.
Twelve tables. 11, 43.
Tyrians, at Puteoli, 251.
Vegetables, price of, 80.
Veil, 24.
Velitrae, s, 24.
Vergil, attitude toward labor, 266.
Villa, 9, XI, 55, 94; at Boscoreale, 209.
Volcanic soil, 1.
Wages, 276 ff.
Water-pipes, 185.
Water-service, 184.
Weaving in household, aos*
Weights and measures, 304.
Wholesale production, 209, 215 ff.
Wholesale-trade, 168, 171, 178, 182, 201, 203.
Wheat, culture of, 4, 95; price of, 80; as tribute, 86; Sicilian on Roman market, 86; African, 29S.
Wheat-milling, aoo.
Wine, 55, 99; protected? 109; ex- ported, 252; price of, 81.
Wool, price of. 80.
Wool-production, 206.
Workshops, 194. 195, 208, 215 ff.
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Frank, Tenney
An economic history of Rone to the end of the Republic.
Mouseia
Mouseia’s complete machine-assisted Musean English edition, made directly from the full 1920 source: front matter, all 16 chapters, reference tables, and index across printed pages 1–310. Obvious OCR errors are repaired where clear; unresolved scan text remains explicitly marked.
INDEX
Africa, agriculture in, 101, 298.
Ager Campanus, distributed, 87.
Agrarian laws of Gracchi, 120 ff.
Agrarian problem, 43, 120 ff.
Agriculture, 302, 288; in early Latium, 1–12, 51; methods of, [OCR unclear: fjC AamUmw^M].
Alfalfa, 98.
Alloy in coins, 74.
Amusements, 283.
Aqueducts, 184.
Arabia, exports, 254.
Architecture, early, 24.
Ardea, 5, 24.
Aristocracy, dwindling, 153; economic policy of, 114 ff., 221 ff.
Aristocratic government, 36, 231.
Arretine ware, 181.
Arms and armor, 180.
Army, costs of, 133, 141.
Arretine wares, 166, 196.
Artisans, 196 ff., 269.
Arts, early, 23, 24, 25.
As, the monetary unit, 65 ff.
Asia, exports, 255.
Athenian trade, 27.
Augustus and Egypt, 254.
Bakery, 191, 193, 200.
Balance of trade, 251 ff.
Bankers, 238–240.
Banking, 227; methods of, 231 ff.
Bankruptcy laws, 49.
Bartering, 21, 65.
Baths, public, 283.
[OCR unclear: Bimetallic ratio, 68, 74, 77.]
Blast furnaces, silver and bronze, [OCR unclear: 17].
Blowpipes, 171.
Boscoreale frescoes, 197.
Brazier’s shop described, 212.
Brick and tile, 167.
Brick industry, 171.
Bronze coinage, 64 ff.
Bronze, representative, 69 ff., 70, 71.
Bronze, production of, 181.
Bronze ware exported, 252.
Budget, 132 ff., 138.
Burial societies, 284.
Campagna, 4.
Capital, 219–240.
Capitalistic development in Italy, 208 ff., 219 ff.
Carthaginian wars, [OCR unclear: 127, 221, and 24].
Carthaginian trade, 25, 27, 29–35.
Cattle raising, 9.
Cauldrons, 179.
Celtic raids, 53, 61.
Cereals, 55, 64, 65, 98 ff.
Charity, public, 125, 283, 296.
Cheese, price of, 80.
Cincinnatus, 156.
China, exports, 254.
Civil service, 152 ff.
Clay lamps, 170.
Cleopatra, 140.
Climatic effects, 4.
Clock, invented, 204.
Clover, for fertilizing, 98.
Coinage, first, 48–50; history of, 64–80; by contract, 65; reform of, 71, 78.
Colonate of Africa, 298.
Colonization, 58–62, 86; by Gracchi, 128; by Sulla, 292; by Caesar and Augustus, 293.
Collegia, 284.
Columbaria, 284.
Commerce, early, 13–36; third century, 105 ff.; second century, 108; first century, 241 ff.; discouraged, 63; encouraged, 247; at Delos, 233; perils of, 241.
Commercial policy of Rome, 107 ff., 243 ff.
Commercial treaty, 29–35, 108.
Commodity prices, 80 ff., 281.
Community ownership, 13.
Concessions, public, 144.
Confiscation of property, 219 ff., 300.
Conquest of Latium, 58; of Samnium, 58; material advantages of, 84 ff.
Contours, 95.
Conubium, 10.
Conventus, 260.
Copyrights and patents, 169.
Copper, high price when source cut off, 70 ff., 78; prices, 80.
Copperware, 181, 199.
Corinthian traders, 14, 16, 21, 27.
Corn doles, 125, 143, 283.
Corporations, public, 106, 113, 126, 204, 223, 230.
Cost of living, 80, 83, 276 ff.
Crisis, financial, 49.
Cults, cost of, 133.
Cumaean trade, 14, 16, 17, 25, 27.
Cuniculi, 6, 52.
Currency, depleted, 76.
Custom work, 271.
Dams, 8.
Debasement of coinage? 73, 74, 76.
Debtors, 39.
Decemviral legislation, 43.
Deforestation, 4, 53.
Delos, commerce at, 104, 109, 232.
Democracy, growth of, 40–50.
Denarius, introduced, 71 ff.; denarial system, 72, 75, 77.
Deposits, 231.
Devastation in Punic War, 89.
Diet of laborer, 280.
Discounting, 232.
Divine rights of kings, 85.
Division of labor, 198, 200.
Domain, public, 85, 297.
“Domestic economy,” 98, 214 ff.
Dominium in solo provinciali, 84 ff., 146.
Donations, Imperial, 142.
Drainage, 6, 51, 95.
Dry season, 4.
Dyeing, 192.
Earthenware, 249.
Economic causes of wars, 89, note 5.
Economic interpretation of Roman history, 110–118.
Economic policy, 110 ff., 119 ff.
Education, cost of, 83.
Egypt, finances, 145.
Egyptian ware, 16.
Emissarium of Albano, 7.
Employer, influence of, 111.
Equites, 113, 126, 223.
Erosion, 5, 51, 55.
Etruscan conquest of Latium, 14, 18, 19, 29.
Etruscan trade, 24, 26, 27 ff.
Exchange, by banks, 232.
Exhaustion of soil, 9, 38, 52, 98, 288 ff.
Expansion, economic effect of, 58, 84 ff., 236 ff.
Expenses, public, 133, 140.
Exports, 29, 248, 251.
Expositio, 154.
Expropriation of capital, 219.
Expulsion of Etruscans, 32, 36, 40.
Factories, 166 ff.
Factory, producing pottery, 166; [OCR unclear: slaves, tools, and machinery, 171].
[OCR unclear: “Criminal labor,” 51 ff.]
[OCR unclear: family production, 209.]
Factors, 249.
[OCR unclear: Fertilizers, 96.]
[OCR unclear: Farm implements, 179.]
[OCR unclear: Farming, 100.]
Fisheries, 201.
Financial policy of Rome, 68, 74.
Fish sauces, 203.
Flax spinning, 207 ff.
Foenus unciarium, 41.
Fodder, 100.
Forges, 179 ff.
Foreign trade preserves sound money, 74.
Forests in Latium, 3, 4.
Fowl, 97.
Fractional coinage, not plentiful, 79.
Freedmen, in business, 215, 264; in politics, 150; great number of, 155 ff.
[OCR unclear: Frumentatores, 258.]
[OCR unclear: Fricwbui, 190, 213, 266, 273.]
Fulleries, 207 ff.
[OCR unclear: Fulling.]
Funeral societies, 284.
Furniture, 199.
Garum, 203.
Gaul, exports, 254.
Geological formation of Latium, 1.
Guilds, 207, 269; guild at Pompeii, 213.
Glassware, 171.
Gold coinage, 75, 78.
Gold, embargo on export, 136, 256; scarcity of, 64; value of, 75, 80.
Goldsmiths, 187.
Gracchi, 128, 291.
Gracchus, Tiberius, 120 ff.
Gracchus, Gaius, 124 ff.
Gracchan Revolution, 119–130.
Grapes, 55, 99.
Grass fertilizer, 98.
“Gresham’s law,” 78.
Groves, 98.
Harbors, 258.
Hardware shops, 178, 198.
Hay, 97.
Heredium, 11.
Hoarding prevented, 77.
Horses, 9.
Household industry, 208.
Horticulture, 99.
Hortus, 10.
“Household economy,” 212, 214 ff.
Houses, 11, 212.
Humidity, 4.
Industries, 155, 276.
Imperialism, 246.
Import duties, 138, 147.
Importers and exporters, 248.
Imports, 19–32, 241, 258.
Income from trade, 137.
Indian trade, 225, 254.
Industrial slavery, 213.
Industry, Etruscan, 23; at Rome, 29, 39; at Praeneste, 23, 24; third century, 181 ff.; second century, 204; first century, 199–215; disrespect for, 68, 112, 218.
Inflation of currency, 49; due to Alexander’s conquest, 82.
Inland trade, early, 26.
Intensive cultivation, 5, 94.
Interest, 42, 82, 237.
Investments, in land, 221 ff., 226; in ships, 225; in provinces, 227; in industry, 229; in commerce, 235; in money-lending, 227 ff., 237.
Ionian traders, 15, 25, 27.
Iron and steel, 177 ff., 199, 249.
Iron exported, 178, 252.
Iron ore from Elba, 177.
Iron, price of, 80.
Iron production at Puteoli, 178.
Irrigation, 99.
Jewelers, 187.
Joint-stock companies, 230.
Knights, 113, 126, 223.
Labor, free, 190, 213; condition of, 276; held in disrepute, 266; wages of, 276; on farm, 268 ff.; in factories, 269 ff.; in household, 268; skilled, 167 ff.
Laborer, 266–287.
Labor-saving machinery, 216.
Land distribution, 44, 45, 46, 87, 131.
“Land hunger,” 58.
Land, state ownership of, 84 ff.
Latifundia, 47, 84, 90 ff., 120 ff., 295 ff.
“Latin” colonies, 60.
Latin league, 34, 41.
Latin stock displaced, 149 ff.
Latins, decrease of, 130.
Latium, forests of, 3; settlement of, 3–4; soil of, 1–13.
Leaseholds of public lands restricted, 45.
Leases of public lands, 90 ff.
Leaves, as fodder, 97, 99.
Legumes, for fertilizing, 96, 98.
Licinian-Sextian law, 44, 121.
Loans, public, 135.
Machinery, 215 ff.
Malaria, 53.
Manor, 9.
Manumission of slaves, 157.
Manure, 96.
Mare clausum, 35, 36, 33.
Marine insurance, 235.
Maritime trade, 243; “tramping,” 244; organized schedules in, 246, 247; methods, 255 ff.
Marketplaces, 255.
Marseilles, trade, 20, 21, 27, 109.
Marshes, 53.
Meat, prices of, 80.
Mesopotamian ware, 15.
Middlemen, 249, 217.
Military budget, 141.
Military coinage, 65.
Mines, public, 143.
Mint, first, 48.
Money, 64 ff.
Money lending, 227, 237.
Monetary policy of autocrats and of republics, 74 ff., 79.
Monopolistic tendencies, 215 ff.
Monopoly, 136, 173; in Egypt, 145 ff.
Mortgages, 226 ff., 231, 237.
Mountain pasture, 55.
Naucratis, 21.
Navy, 135.
Neglect of commerce by Rome, 259.
Negotiator, 226 ff., 261.
Oil, price of, 81.
Olive culture, 55.
Olive oil, exported, 253; production, 203.
Open-field system, 11.
Oriental traders, 250.
Ostia, Rome’s seaport, 33, 40, 49, 65, 105, 110, 251.
Overcropping, 53, 98.
Overpopulation, 7.
“Packetboats,” 244.
Partnerships, 230.
Passenger fares, 258.
Pasturage, 53, 98.
Patricians, 10, 36.
Peasantry, rise of the, 36–50.
Peasants, conditions of, 38.
“Pension to Motherhood,” 296.
Peonage, 39.
Periplus, 245.
Phocaean traders, 15, 20, 23, 25.
Phoenician trade, 15, 16, 18.
Piracy, 250.
Plantations, 84, 120 ff.
Plebeians, 10; revolution of, 36–50.
Plebiscite, 44.
Plebs Urbana, 149–164.
Plow, wooden, 94.
Ports, 251.
[OCR unclear: IS. i««.]
[OCR unclear: to early Latium, 5, 6.]
[OCR unclear: IM.]
[OCR unclear: INwtdwWi, 203, 178, 248.]
Pottery, 166, 178, 248.
Prices, 80, 166 ff., 176, 229, 252, 273.
Private and Roman, 84 ff., 76.
Po Valley, products of, 252.
Pompeii, industry in, 3, 24, 169, 238.
Production, 166–206; in [OCR unclear: 171–206]; scale of, 168; centripetal and centrifugal forces, 215 ff.
Products of Asia, Syria, Egypt, Gaul, and Spain, 253 ff.
Profits, tax-paying, 85 ff.
Provincial investments, 123, 236 ff., 237.
Property, by conquest, 84 ff.
Public contracts, 123.
Public corporations, 106, 113, 126, 204, 223, 230.
Public finances, 131–148.
Public lands, 87, 91 ff., 135.
Public ownership, of Egypt, 146.
Public works, 133 ff.
Punic War, First, 84; Second, 89 ff.
Purchasing power of money, 80 ff.
Puteoli, 110, 248.
Railroad patterns, 127.
[OCR unclear: 248 ff., 264.]
[OCR unclear: 158.]
Ranchers, 256, 260 ff.
Real-estate investments, 222, 237.
“Recall,” 122.
Reduction of coins, 67, 81, 76, 75, 72.
Rents, 91.
[OCR unclear: 15, 166.]
[OCR unclear: Roads in early Latium, 5, 6.]
[OCR unclear: Romanization, 103, 138, 248.]
[OCR unclear: Ruling class, 108, 188 ff., 176, 229, 252, 273.]
[OCR unclear: Rome and Roman, 84 ff., 76.]
Skilled workmen, 215.
Slave, cost of, 273.
Slave labor, 104, 121, 187, 211.
Slaves, as agents, 271; in industry, 212; as partners, 271; captives, 157; breeding of, 151–159; Oriental, 183; price of, 187; wholesale dealers in, 261; marriage of, 153; manumission of, 159; rapid increase of, 111, 151 ff.; treatment of, 274; scarcity of, 86, 92, 217, 295; skilled, 178; in army, 151.
Socialistic policy of Gracchi, 121 ff., 125; of Stoics, 125.
Soil, conditions of, 290 ff.; exhaustion of, 9, 52; of Latium, 1, 51, 98; volcanic, 3.
Sovereignty, Oriental theory of, 84.
Spain, exports, 255.
Specialization, 180, 185, 190–206.
Spinning in household, 205.
State ownership of industries, 147.
Stationes of foreign traders, 250.
Steel, 177 ff.
Stocks and bonds, 230.
Strikes, 111, 284.
Suffrage, equal manhood, 45.
Sulphur, 249.
Supertax, 135.
Syria, exports from, 253.
Syrian traders, 106; in Italy, 250.
Swine, 97.
Tabula alimentaria, 296.
Tanners, 209.
Tariff, protective, 108 ff.; in Egypt, 147.
Taxes, 134 ff.
Tax farming, 127, 139, 224.
Tenants, 293.
Terramara people, 2, 5, 12.
Tithes, 84 ff., 138; Asiatic, 127; Sicilian, 56.
Token money, 68.
Trade, early, 13–36; Eastern, 245; Western, 246.
Traders, Eastern, 106; Greek and Oriental, 233; Romans and Italians, 234.
Trademarks, 167, 172, 175, 182, 185, 189, 196.
Trade secrets, 215.
Tramp ships, 244.
Tramp trade, 255.
Transportation, inadequate, 217.
Treasury of state, 131 ff.
Treaty, commercial, 29–35.
“Town economy,” 200.
Tribunes of the plebs, 37, 42, 43, 122.
Tributary provinces, 84 ff.
Tribute, 86, 127.
Trimalchio, 264.
Tufa, 2.
Tunnels, for drainage, 6.
Twelve Tables, 11, 43.
Tyrians, at Puteoli, 251.
Vegetables, price of, 80.
Veii, 24.
Velitrae, 5, 24.
Vergil, attitude toward labor, 266.
Villa, 9, 11, 55, 94; at Boscoreale, 209.
Volcanic soil, 1.
Wages, 276 ff.
Water pipes, 185.
Water service, 184.
Weaving in household, 205.
Weights and measures, 204.
Wholesale production, 209, 215 ff.
Wholesale trade, 168, 171, 178, 182, 201, 203.
Wheat, culture of, 4, 95; price of, 80; as tribute, 86; Sicilian on Roman market, 86; African, 295.
Wheat milling, 200.
Wine, 55, 99; protected? 109; exported, 252; price of, 81.
Wool, price of, 80.
Wool production, 206.
Workshops, 194, 195, 208, 215 ff.
Mouseia
Mouseia’s complete Plain English edition, made independently and directly from the full 1920 source: front matter, all 16 chapters, reference tables, and index across printed pages 1–310.
INDEX
Africa, agriculture in, 295.
Ager occupatorius, distribution of, 87.
Agrarian laws of the Gracchi, 120 ff.
Agrarian problem, 44, 120 ff.
Agriculture, 290, 298; in early Latium, 1–12, 51; methods of, 94 ff.
Alfalfa, 98.
Alloy in coinage, 74.
Amusements, 283.
Aqueducts, 184.
Arabia, exports, 254.
Architecture, early, 24.
Ardea, 5, 24.
Aristocracy, dwindling, 153; economic policy of, 114 ff., 221 ff.
Aristocratic government, 36, 231 ff.
Armories, 181.
Arms and armor, 180.
Army, costs of, 135, 141.
Arretine ware, 166, 196.
Artisans, 196 ff., 269.
Arts, early, 23, 24, 25.
As, the monetary unit, 65 ff.
Asia, exports, 255.
Athenian trade, 27.
Augustus and Egypt, 254.
Bakery, 191, 193, 200.
Balance of trade, 251 ff.
Bankers, 238–240.
Banking, 227; methods of, 231 ff.
Bankruptcy laws, 49.
Bartering, 21, 65.
Bathing, public, 283.
Bimetallism, 69 ff., 76, 78.
Blacksmiths, silver and bronze, 187.
Blowpipes, 171.
Boscoreale treasure, 197.
Boscoreale villa described, 212.
Brick and tile, 197.
Brick industry, 171.
Bronze coinage, 64 ff.; depreciated, 69 ff., 76, 78.
Bronze, production of, 181.
Bronze ware exported, 252.
Budget, 132 ff., 140.
Burial societies, 284.
Campagna, 4.
Capital, 219–242.
Capitalistic developments in the late Republic, 209 ff.; economic policy of, 114 ff., 221 ff.
[OCR unclear: ware, 197; … and …]
Carthaginian trade, 25, 27, 29–35.
Cattle raising, 9.
Cauldrons, 179.
Celtic raids, 33 ff.
Cereals, 55, 96, 98, 99.
Charity, public, 125, 283, 296.
Cheese, price of, 80.
Childlessness, 156.
China, exports, 254.
Civil service, 152 ff.
Clients, 10.
Clothing, domestic, 4, 204; imported, 201.
Clover, for fertilizing, 98.
Coinage, first, 48–50; history of, 64–80; by contract, 65; reform of, 71, 78.
Colonate of Africa, 298.
Colonization, 58–62, 86; by the Gracchi, 128; by Sulla, 292; by Caesar and Augustus, 293.
Collegia, 284.
Columbaria, 284.
Commerce, early, 13–36; in the third century, 105 ff.; in the second century, 108; in the first century, 241 ff.; discouraged, 63; encouraged, 247; at Delos, 233; perils of, 241.
Commercial policy of Rome, 107 ff., 243 ff.
Commercial treaty, 29–35, 108.
Commodity prices, 80 ff., 281.
Community ownership, 13.
Concessions, public, 144.
Confiscation of property, 219 ff., 300.
Conquest of Latium, 58; of Samnium, 58; material advantages of, 84 ff.
Contours, 95.
Conubium, 10.
Conventus, 260.
Copyrights and patents, 169.
Copper, high price of when its source was cut off, 70 ff., 78; prices, 80.
Copperware, 181, 199.
Corinthian traders, 14, 16, 21, 27.
Corn doles, 125, 143, 283.
Corporations, public, 106, 113, 126, 204, 223, 230.
Cost of living, 80, 83, 276 ff.
Crisis, financial, 49.
Cults, cost of, 133.
Cumaean trade, 14, 16, 17, 25, 27.
Cuniculi, 6, 52.
Currency, depleted, 76.
Custom work, 271.
Dams, 8.
Debasement of coinage? 73, 74, 76.
Debtors, 39.
Decemviral legislation, 43.
Deforestation, 4, 53.
Delos, commerce at, 104, 109, 232.
Democracy, growth of, 40–50.
Denarius, introduced, 71 ff.; denarial system, 72, 75, 77.
Deposits, 231.
Devastation in the Punic War, 89.
Diet of the laborer, 280.
Discounting, 232.
Divine rights of kings, 85.
Division of labor, 198, 200.
Domain, public, 85, 297.
“Domestic economy,” 98, 214 ff.
Dominium in solo provinciali, 84 ff., 146.
Donations, imperial, 142.
Drainage, 6, 51, 95.
Dry season, 4.
Dyeing, 192.
Earthenware, 249.
Economic causes of wars, 89, note 5.
Economic interpretation of Roman history, 110–118.
Economic policy, 110 ff., 119 ff.
Education, cost of, 83.
Egypt, finances, 145.
Egyptian ware, 16.
Emissarium of Albano, 7.
Employer, influence of, 111.
Equites, 113, 126, 223.
Erosion, 5, 51, 55.
Etruscan conquest of Latium, 14, 18, 19, 29.
Etruscan trade, 24, 26, 27 ff.
Exchange, by banks, 232.
Exhaustion of the soil, 9, 38, 52, 98, 288 ff.
Expansion, economic effect of, 58, 84 ff., 236 ff.
Expenses, public, 133, 140.
Exports, 29, 248, 251.
Expositio, 154.
Expropriation of capital, 219.
Expulsion of the Etruscans, 32, 36, 40.
Factories, 166 ff.
Factory, producing pottery, 166; [OCR unclear: … skilled workers, 171; …, 215 ff.].
Fallowing, 51.
Farm, 94 ff.
Farm production, 209.
Farming, 94 ff.
Farm machinery, 200.
Fertility, 301.
Financial history of Rome, 64, 71.
Fish salters, 209.
Flax production, 87 ff.
Foedera, 150.
Fora, 257 ff.
Foreign trade requires sound money, 74.
Forests in Latium, 3, 4.
Fowl, 97.
Fractional coinage, need for, possibly 79.
Freedmen, in business, 215, 264; in politics, 150; great number of, 155 ff.
Freeholders, 38.
Fullers, 190, 212, 266, 274.
Fulling, 187 ff.
Furniture, 199.
Garum, 202.
Gaul, exports, 254.
Geological formation of Latium, 1.
Gilds, 207, 269; gilds at Pompeii, 213.
Glassware, 171.
Gold coinage, 75, 78.
Gold, embargo on export of, 196, 254; scarcity of, 64; value of, 75, 80.
Goldsmiths, 187.
Gracchi, 128, 291.
Gracchus, Tiberius, 120 ff.
Gracchus, Gaius, 125.
Gracchan Revolution, 119–130.
Grapes, 55, 99.
Greek colonies, 14, 15.
Greek traders, 106, 109, 242, 254.
Grass fertilizer, 98.
“Gresham’s law,” 75.
Grazing, 98.
Harbors, 259.
Hardware shops, 188, 198.
Hay, 97.
Hereditas, 18.
Hoarding prevented, 77.
Housing, 9.
Household, 205, 208.
Hospitality, 99.
Horreum, 10.
“Household economy,” 212, 214 ff.
Houses, 18, 212.
Humus, 4.
Industries, 255, 270.
Imperialism, 146.
Import duties, 131, 147.
Importers and exporters, 246.
Imports, 19–29, 241, 258.
Income from trade, 137.
Indian trade, 232, 254.
Industrial system, 213.
Industry, Etruscan, 23; at Rome, 29, 39; at Praeneste, 25, 26; in the third century, 181 ff.; in the second century, 204; in the first century, 209–215; disrespect for, 68, 112, 218.
Inflation of currency, 49; due to Alexander’s conquest, 78.
Inland trade, early, 22.
Intensive cultivation, 8, 94.
Interest, 48, 82, 237.
Investments, in land, 221 ff., 226; in [OCR unclear: systems], 225; in provinces, 229; in industry, 229; in commerce, 235; in money-lending, 226 ff., 237.
Ionian traders, 15, 25, 27.
Iron and steel, 177 ff., 199, 249.
Iron exported, 178, 252.
Iron ore from Elba, 177.
Iron, price of, 80.
Iron production at Puteoli, 178.
Irrigation, 99.
Jewelers, 187.
Joint-stock companies, 230.
Knights, 113, 126, 223.
Labor, free, 190, 213; condition of, 276; held in disrepute, 266; wages of, 276; on farms, 268 ff.; in factories, 269 ff.; in households, 268; skilled, 167 ff.
Laborer, 266–287.
Labor-saving machinery, 216.
Land distribution, 44, 45, 46, 87, 131.
“Land hunger,” 58.
Land, state ownership of, 84 ff.
Latifundia, 47, 84, 90 ff., 120 ff., 295 ff.
“Latin” colonies, 60.
Latin League, 34, 41.
Latin stock displaced, 149 ff.
Latins, decrease of, 130.
Latium, forests of, 3; settlement of, 3–4; soil of, 1–13.
Leaseholds of public lands restricted, 45.
Leases of public lands, 90 ff.
Leaves as fodder, 97, 99.
Legumes, for fertilizing, 96, 98.
Licinian-Sextian law, 44, 121.
Loans, public, 135.
Machinery, 215 ff.
Malaria, 53.
Manor, 9.
Manumission of slaves, 157.
Manure, 96.
Mare clausum, 25, 26, 33.
Marine insurance, 235.
Maritime trade, 243; “tramping,” 244; organized schedules in, 246, 247; methods, 255 ff.
Marketplaces, 255.
Marseilles, trade, 20, 21, 27, 109.
Marshes, 53.
Meat, prices of, 80.
Mesopotamian ware, 15.
Middlemen, 249, 257.
Military budget, 141.
Military coinage, 65.
Mines, public, 143.
Mint, first, 48.
Money, 64 ff.
Money lending, 227, 237.
Monetary policy of autocrats and republics, 74 ff., 79.
Monopolistic tendencies, 215 ff.
Monopoly, 136, 173; in Egypt, 145 ff.
Mortgages, 226 ff., 231, 237.
Mountain pasture, 55.
Naucratis, 21.
Navy, 135.
Neglect of commerce by Rome, 259.
Negotiator, 226 ff., 261.
Oil, price of, 81.
Olive culture, 55.
Olive oil, exported, 253; production, 203.
Open-field system, 11.
Oriental traders, 250.
Ostia, Rome’s seaport, 33, 40, 49, 65, 105, 110, 251.
Overcropping, 53, 98.
Overpopulation, 7.
“Packet boats,” 244.
Partnerships, 230.
Passenger fares, 258.
Pasturage, 53, 98.
Patricians, 10, 36.
Peasantry, rise of, 36–50.
Peasants, conditions of, 38.
“Pension to Motherhood,” 296.
Peonage, 39.
Periplus, 245.
Phocaean traders, 15, 20, 22, 25.
Phoenician trade, 15, 16, 18.
Piracy, 250.
Plantations, 84, 120 ff.
Plebeians, 10; revolution of, 36–50.
Plebiscite, 44.
Plebs Urbana, 149–164.
Plow, wooden, 94.
Ports, 21.
Population, 15, 160.
Population of early Latium, 5, 7.
Pottery, 166.
Pottery industry, 2, 24, 166, 252.
Poultry, 97.
Praeneste, industry in, 5, 24, 25.
Prices, 79 ff., 276.
Prices and rents, 80 ff., 276.
Po Valley, products of, 252.
Pompeii, industry in, 209, 212.
Production, 166 ff.; in the provinces, 245–256; scale of, 168; centripetal and centrifugal forces, 215 ff.
Provinces, tribute-paying, 85 ff.
Provincial investments, 223, 236 ff., 237.
Property, by conquest, 84 ff.
Public contracts, 123.
Public corporations, 106, 113, 126, 204, 223, 230.
Public finances, 131–148.
Public lands, 87, 91 ff., 135.
Public ownership in Egypt, 146.
Public works, 133 ff.
Punic War, First, 84; Second, 89 ff.
Purchasing power of money, 80 ff.
Puteoli, 110, 248.
Railroad pattern, 249.
Rates, transportation, 242 ff., 264.
Rents, 158.
Ranches, 55, 90 ff.
Real-estate investments, 222, 237.
Receipts, 132.
Reduction of coins, 67, 68, 70, 75, 78.
Skilled workers, 215.
Slave, cost of, 275.
Slave labor, 104, 121, 187, 211.
Slaves, as agents, 271; in industry, 212; as partners, 272; captives, 157; breeding of, 151–158 ff.; Oriental, 183; [OCR unclear: … of], 187; [OCR unclear: white …], 261; marriage of, 158; sources of, 159; rapid increase of, 111, 151 ff.; treatment of, 274; [OCR unclear: … of], 82, 92, 217, 228; [OCR unclear: …], 178; in the army, 151.
Socialistic policy of the Gracchi, 121 ff., 125; of the Stoics, 125.
Soil, conditions of, 290 ff.; exhaustion of, 9, 51; of Latium, 1, 51, 98; volcanic, 3.
Sovereignty, Oriental theory of, 84.
Spain, exports, 255.
Specialization, 180, 185, 190–206.
Spinning in the household, 205.
State ownership of industries, 147.
Stationes of foreign traders, 250.
Steel, 177 ff.
Stocks and bonds, 230.
Strikes, 111, 284.
Suffrage, equal manhood, 45.
Sulphur, 249.
Supertax, 135.
Syria, exports from, 253.
Syrian traders, 106; in Italy, 150.
Swine, 97.
Tabula alimentaria, 296.
Tanners, 209.
Tariff, protective, 108 ff.; in Egypt, 147.
Taxes, 134 ff.
Tax farming, 127, 139, 224.
Tenants, 293.
Terramara people, 2, 5, 12.
Tithes, 84 ff., 138; Asiatic, 127; Sicilian, 56.
Token money, 68.
Trade, early, 13–36; Eastern, 245; Western, 246.
Traders, Eastern, 106; Greek and Oriental, 233; Roman and Italian, 234.
Trademarks, 167, 172, 175, 182, 185, 189, 196.
Trade secrets, 215.
Tramp ships, 244.
Tramp trade, 255.
Transportation, inadequate, 217.
Treasury of the state, 131 ff.
Treaty, commercial, 29–35.
“Town economy,” 200.
Tribunes of the plebs, 37, 42, 43, 122.
Tributary provinces, 84 ff.
Tribute, 86, 127.
Trimalchio, 264.
Tufa, 2.
Tunnels for drainage, 6.
Twelve Tables, 11, 43.
Tyrians at Puteoli, 251.
Vegetables, price of, 80.
Veii, 24.
Velitrae, 5, 24.
Vergil, attitude toward labor, 266.
Villa, 9, 11, 55, 94; at Boscoreale, 209.
Volcanic soil, 1.
Wages, 276 ff.
Water pipes, 185.
Water service, 184.
Weaving in the household, 205.
Weights and measures, 204.
Wholesale production, 209, 215 ff.
Wholesale trade, 168, 171, 178, 182, 201, 203.
Wheat, cultivation of, 4, 95; price of, 80; as tribute, 86; Sicilian wheat on the Roman market, 86; African wheat, 295.
Wheat milling, 200.
Wine, 55, 99; protected? 109; exported, 252; price of, 81.
Wool, price of, 80.
Wool production, 206.
Workshops, 194, 195, 208, 215 ff.