{"schema_version":1,"access":"public","rights":"Public-domain or compatibly licensed source editions; provenance is retained per record.","work":{"slug":"declaration-independence","title":"Declaration of Independence","author":"Thomas Jefferson","tradition":"american","language":"en-18c","genre":"founding document","period":"July 4, 1776","source_url":"https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript","original":{"text":"In Congress, July 4, 1776\n\nThe unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America\n\nWhen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.\n\nWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.\n\nHe has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.\n\nHe has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.\n\nHe has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.\n\nHe has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.\n\nHe has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.\n\nHe has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.\n\nHe has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.\n\nHe has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.\n\nHe has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.\n\nHe has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.\n\nHe has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.\n\nHe has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.\n\nHe has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:\n\nFor Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:\n\nFor protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:\n\nFor cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:\n\nFor imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:\n\nFor depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:\n\nFor transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:\n\nFor abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:\n\nFor taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:\n\nFor suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.\n\nHe has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.\n\nHe has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.\n\nHe is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.\n\nHe has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.\n\nHe has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.\n\nIn every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.\n\nNor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.\n\nWe, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.\n\nSignatures\n\nGeorgia\n  Button Gwinnett\n  Lyman Hall\n  George Walton\n\nNorth Carolina\n  William Hooper\n  Joseph Hewes\n  John Penn\n\nSouth Carolina\n  Edward Rutledge\n  Thomas Heyward, Jr.\n  Thomas Lynch, Jr.\n  Arthur Middleton\n\nMassachusetts\n  John Hancock\n\nMaryland\n  Samuel Chase\n  William Paca\n  Thomas Stone\n  Charles Carroll of Carrollton\n\nVirginia\n  George Wythe\n  Richard Henry Lee\n  Thomas Jefferson\n  Benjamin Harrison\n  Thomas Nelson, Jr.\n  Francis Lightfoot Lee\n  Carter Braxton\n\nPennsylvania\n  Robert Morris\n  Benjamin Rush\n  Benjamin Franklin\n  John Morton\n  George Clymer\n  James Smith\n  George Taylor\n  James Wilson\n  George Ross\n\nDelaware\n  Caesar Rodney\n  George Read\n  Thomas McKean\n\nNew York\n  William Floyd\n  Philip Livingston\n  Francis Lewis\n  Lewis Morris\n\nNew Jersey\n  Richard Stockton\n  John Witherspoon\n  Francis Hopkinson\n  John Hart\n  Abraham Clark\n\nNew Hampshire\n  Josiah Bartlett\n  William Whipple\n\nMassachusetts\n  Samuel Adams\n  John Adams\n  Robert Treat Paine\n  Elbridge Gerry\n\nRhode Island\n  Stephen Hopkins\n  William Ellery\n\nConnecticut\n  Roger Sherman\n  Samuel Huntington\n  William Williams\n  Oliver Wolcott\n\nNew Hampshire\n  Matthew Thornton","download_url":"https://mouseia.org/api/works/declaration-independence/original.txt"},"translations":[{"id":"trn_declaration_independence_mouseia","translator":"Mouseia","kind":"curated","note":"Mouseia’s complete machine-assisted Musean translation, made directly from the authoritative historical English source for fidelity, modern clarity, rhetorical force, and structure.","text":"In Congress, July 4, 1776\n\nThe unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America\n\nWhen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds that have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal standing to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a proper respect for the opinions of humankind requires them to declare the causes that compel them to separate.\n\nWe hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights; that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.—That, to secure these rights, Governments are established among People, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to establish a new Government, founding it on such principles and organizing its powers in such a form as they believe most likely to secure their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for slight and temporary causes; and accordingly, all experience has shown that humankind is more inclined to suffer, while evils remain bearable, than to set things right by abolishing the forms to which it is accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, invariably pursuing the same Object, reveals a design to reduce the people under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such a Government and to provide new Safeguards for their future security.—Such has been the patient suffering of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity that compels them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all directly aimed at establishing an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let the Facts be submitted to an impartial world.\n\nHe has refused his Assent to Laws that are most beneficial and necessary for the public good.\n\nHe has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance unless their operation was suspended until his Assent could be obtained; and when they were so suspended, he utterly neglected to consider them.\n\nHe has refused to pass other Laws needed by large districts of people unless those people would surrender the right of Representation in the Legislature—a right invaluable to them and feared only by tyrants.\n\nHe has summoned legislative bodies to meet in places unusual, uncomfortable, and far from the repository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of exhausting them into compliance with his measures.\n\nHe has repeatedly dissolved Representative Houses for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions of the people’s rights.\n\nFor a long time after such dissolutions, he has refused to arrange for others to be elected; as a result, the Legislative powers, which cannot be Annihilated, have returned to the People at large for their exercise, while the State has meanwhile remained exposed to all the dangers of invasion from abroad and convulsions within.\n\nHe has attempted to prevent the population of these States, obstructing for that purpose the Laws for the Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others that would encourage their migration here; and making the conditions for new Grants of Land more burdensome.\n\nHe has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws establishing Judicial powers.\n\nHe has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices and for the amount and payment of their salaries.\n\nHe has created a multitude of New Offices and sent swarms of Officers here to harass our people and consume their substance.\n\nHe has kept Standing Armies among us in times of peace without the Consent of our legislatures.\n\nHe has sought to make the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.\n\nHe has joined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unrecognized by our laws, giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:\n\nFor Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:\n\nFor protecting them, through sham Trials, from punishment for any Murders they might commit against the Inhabitants of these States:\n\nFor cutting off our Trade with every part of the world:\n\nFor imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:\n\nFor depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:\n\nFor transporting us overseas to be tried for alleged offenses:\n\nFor abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing an Arbitrary government there, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to make it both an example and a suitable instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:\n\nFor taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and fundamentally altering the Forms of our Governments:\n\nFor suspending our own Legislatures and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in every case whatsoever.\n\nHe has abdicated Government here by declaring us outside his Protection and waging War against us.\n\nHe has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.\n\nHe is now transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun under circumstances of Cruelty and treachery scarcely matched in the most barbarous ages and utterly unworthy of the Head of a civilized nation.\n\nHe has forced our fellow Citizens, taken Captive on the high Seas, to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brothers, or themselves to fall by their Hands.\n\nHe has incited domestic insurrections among us and has attempted to bring against the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is the indiscriminate destruction of people of every age, sex, and condition.\n\nAt every stage of these Oppressions, We have Petitioned for Redress in the humblest terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only with repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act that may define a Tyrant is unfit to rule a free people.\n\nNor have We failed to show consideration for our British brothers. From time to time, We have warned them of attempts by their legislature to extend an unjustified jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their natural sense of justice and generosity, and We have implored them, by the ties of our common kinship, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably sever our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and shared blood. We must, therefore, accept the necessity that declares our Separation and regard them, as We regard the rest of humankind: Enemies in War, Friends in Peace.\n\nWe, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, Assembled in General Congress, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the righteousness of our intentions, do, in the Name and by the Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare That these United Colonies are, and by Right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are Released from all Allegiance to the British Crown; that every political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to wage War, conclude Peace, form Alliances, establish Commerce, and perform all other Acts and Things that Independent States may rightfully do. And in support of this Declaration, with firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, We mutually pledge to one another our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.\n\nSignatures\n\nGeorgia\n  Button Gwinnett\n  Lyman Hall\n  George Walton\n\nNorth Carolina\n  William Hooper\n  Joseph Hewes\n  John Penn\n\nSouth Carolina\n  Edward Rutledge\n  Thomas Heyward, Jr.\n  Thomas Lynch, Jr.\n  Arthur Middleton\n\nMassachusetts\n  John Hancock\n\nMaryland\n  Samuel Chase\n  William Paca\n  Thomas Stone\n  Charles Carroll of Carrollton\n\nVirginia\n  George Wythe\n  Richard Henry Lee\n  Thomas Jefferson\n  Benjamin Harrison\n  Thomas Nelson, Jr.\n  Francis Lightfoot Lee\n  Carter Braxton\n\nPennsylvania\n  Robert Morris\n  Benjamin Rush\n  Benjamin Franklin\n  John Morton\n  George Clymer\n  James Smith\n  George Taylor\n  James Wilson\n  George Ross\n\nDelaware\n  Caesar Rodney\n  George Read\n  Thomas McKean\n\nNew York\n  William Floyd\n  Philip Livingston\n  Francis Lewis\n  Lewis Morris\n\nNew Jersey\n  Richard Stockton\n  John Witherspoon\n  Francis Hopkinson\n  John Hart\n  Abraham Clark\n\nNew Hampshire\n  Josiah Bartlett\n  William Whipple\n\nMassachusetts\n  Samuel Adams\n  John Adams\n  Robert Treat Paine\n  Elbridge Gerry\n\nRhode Island\n  Stephen Hopkins\n  William Ellery\n\nConnecticut\n  Roger Sherman\n  Samuel Huntington\n  William Williams\n  Oliver Wolcott\n\nNew Hampshire\n  Matthew Thornton","download_url":"https://mouseia.org/api/works/declaration-independence/translations/trn_declaration_independence_mouseia.txt"},{"id":"trn_declaration_independence_plain","translator":"Mouseia","kind":"plain","note":"Mouseia’s complete Plain English edition, made independently and directly from the authoritative historical English source.","text":"In Congress, July 4, 1776\n\nThe unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America\n\nWhen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to end the political ties that have connected them with another, and to take among the powers of the earth the separate and equal place to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, proper respect for the opinions of humanity requires them to declare the reasons that compel them to separate.\n\nWe consider these truths obvious: that all men are created equal; that their Creator gives them certain rights that cannot be taken away; that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.—That Governments are established among Men to protect these rights, and receive their rightful powers from the consent of the governed;—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these purposes, the People have the Right to change or abolish it, and to establish a new Government, founded on such principles and organizing its powers in whatever form seems most likely to secure their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will advise that Governments established for a long time should not be changed for minor and temporary reasons; and accordingly, all experience has shown that people are more willing to suffer, while evils remain bearable, than to correct their situation by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long series of abuses and seizures of power, always pursuing the same Goal, reveals a plan to place them under absolute Despotism, they have the right and the duty to overthrow such a Government and provide new Protections for their future security.—Such has been the patient suffering of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity that forces them to change their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and seizures of power, all directly intended to establish an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let the Facts be presented to an honest world.\n\nHe has refused to Approve Laws that are highly beneficial and necessary for the public good.\n\nHe has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and urgent importance unless those Laws were prevented from taking effect until his Approval could be obtained; and when they were delayed in this way, he completely neglected to consider them.\n\nHe has refused to pass other Laws needed by large districts of people unless those people would give up the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right of immeasurable value to them and frightening only to tyrants.\n\nHe has called legislative bodies together in unusual and uncomfortable places far from the location of their public Records, for the sole purpose of exhausting them into agreeing to his measures.\n\nHe has repeatedly dissolved Representative Houses because they firmly and courageously opposed his attacks on the rights of the people.\n\nFor a long time after such dissolutions, he has refused to arrange for others to be elected; as a result, the Legislative powers, which cannot be Destroyed, have returned to the People as a whole to exercise, while the State has meanwhile remained exposed to all the dangers of foreign invasion and internal unrest.\n\nHe has tried to prevent these States from becoming populated; for that purpose, he has obstructed the Laws for the Naturalization of Foreigners; refused to pass other Laws encouraging them to migrate here; and made the conditions for new Grants of Land more difficult.\n\nHe has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Approval of Laws establishing Judicial powers.\n\nHe has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for how long they remain in office and for the amount and payment of their salaries.\n\nHe has created a great number of New Offices and sent swarms of Officers here to harass our people and consume their resources.\n\nIn times of peace, he has kept Standing Armies among us without the Consent of our legislatures.\n\nHe has tried to make the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.\n\nHe has joined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and not recognized by our laws, giving his Approval to their Acts of supposed Legislation:\n\nFor Housing large bodies of armed troops among us:\n\nFor protecting them, through a sham Trial, from punishment for any Murders they might commit against the Inhabitants of these States:\n\nFor cutting off our Trade with every part of the world:\n\nFor imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:\n\nFor depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:\n\nFor transporting us overseas to be tried for supposed offenses:\n\nFor abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing an Arbitrary government there, and expanding its Boundaries so as to make it both an example and a suitable instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:\n\nFor taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and fundamentally changing the Forms of our Governments:\n\nFor suspending our own Legislatures and declaring themselves invested with the power to make laws for us in every possible case.\n\nHe has abandoned Government here by declaring us outside his Protection and waging War against us.\n\nHe has plundered our seas, devastated our Coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.\n\nHe is now transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the work of death, destruction, and tyranny, already begun with acts of Cruelty and treachery hardly matched in the most barbarous ages and completely unworthy of the Head of a civilized nation.\n\nHe has forced our fellow Citizens captured on the high Seas to take up Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brothers, or to die themselves at their Hands.\n\nHe has stirred up internal uprisings among us and has tried to bring against the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is the indiscriminate destruction of people of every age, sex, and condition.\n\nAt every stage of these Oppressions, We have Petitioned for Relief in the humblest terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only with repeated injury. A Prince whose character is marked by every act that may define a Tyrant is unfit to rule a free people.\n\nNor have We failed to show concern for our British brothers. From time to time, We have warned them about attempts by their legislature to extend unjustified jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their natural sense of justice and generosity, and we have urged them, by the bonds of our common ancestry, to reject these seizures of power, which would inevitably disrupt our connections and communication. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and family ties. We must, therefore, accept the necessity that declares our Separation and regard them, as we regard the rest of humanity, as Enemies in War and Friends in Peace.\n\nWe, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, gathered in General Congress, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rightness of our intentions, do, in the Name and by the Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly announce and declare That these United Colonies are, and by Right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are Released from all Loyalty to the British Crown; and that every political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, completely ended; and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to wage War, make Peace, form Alliances, establish Commerce, and perform all other Acts and Things that Independent States may rightfully do. And to support this Declaration, with firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we pledge to one another our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.\n\nSignatures\n\nGeorgia\n  Button Gwinnett\n  Lyman Hall\n  George Walton\n\nNorth Carolina\n  William Hooper\n  Joseph Hewes\n  John Penn\n\nSouth Carolina\n  Edward Rutledge\n  Thomas Heyward, Jr.\n  Thomas Lynch, Jr.\n  Arthur Middleton\n\nMassachusetts\n  John Hancock\n\nMaryland\n  Samuel Chase\n  William Paca\n  Thomas Stone\n  Charles Carroll of Carrollton\n\nVirginia\n  George Wythe\n  Richard Henry Lee\n  Thomas Jefferson\n  Benjamin Harrison\n  Thomas Nelson, Jr.\n  Francis Lightfoot Lee\n  Carter Braxton\n\nPennsylvania\n  Robert Morris\n  Benjamin Rush\n  Benjamin Franklin\n  John Morton\n  George Clymer\n  James Smith\n  George Taylor\n  James Wilson\n  George Ross\n\nDelaware\n  Caesar Rodney\n  George Read\n  Thomas McKean\n\nNew York\n  William Floyd\n  Philip Livingston\n  Francis Lewis\n  Lewis Morris\n\nNew Jersey\n  Richard Stockton\n  John Witherspoon\n  Francis Hopkinson\n  John Hart\n  Abraham Clark\n\nNew Hampshire\n  Josiah Bartlett\n  William Whipple\n\nMassachusetts\n  Samuel Adams\n  John Adams\n  Robert Treat Paine\n  Elbridge Gerry\n\nRhode Island\n  Stephen Hopkins\n  William Ellery\n\nConnecticut\n  Roger Sherman\n  Samuel Huntington\n  William Williams\n  Oliver Wolcott\n\nNew Hampshire\n  Matthew Thornton","download_url":"https://mouseia.org/api/works/declaration-independence/translations/trn_declaration_independence_plain.txt"}],"retex_markdown_url":"https://mouseia.org/api/works/declaration-independence/retex.md"}}